Figure 1.

Multivariate associations between individual-level social risk and neighborhood-level factors with 4 health care utilization outcomes: ED visits/hospitalizations and imaging (N = 1,295 patients with cLBP). IRR (incident rate ratio) values are presented along the x-axis on a log scale. IRR values with adjusted P-values < 0.001 are highlighted as highly positive or negative association. For demographic variables, the reference group was non-Hispanic White ethnicity, male gender, and age under 35 years. For StartBack score, medium risk was taken as reference group for comparison. cLBP, chronic low back pain; ED, emergency department.