Figure 3. Galvanin contributes to electrotaxis in other cell types and other vertebrate animal species.

A. Left: schematic showing murine EL4 T cells embedded in a collagen gel. Right: Relative cell trajectories of wild-type and Galvanin knockout EL4 T cells exposed to a 300 mV/mm field (60 minutes tracking, 2 minute imaging interval). 200 cell trajectories are shown per condition, which represent a random subset of the data for visual clarity. B. Compass autocorrelation of cells migrating in a collagen gel, associated with data shown in part A (9 minute time lag). 295–956 cells per cell line and per electric field condition (N= 6 sample preparations for wild-type, and 3 sample preparations for −/− Galvanin). Error bars represent standard deviation of the mean. Asterisks indicate statistical significance between the individual cell measurements from wild-type and −/− Galvanin EL4 cells (p < 0.0001, two-sided Mann–Whitney U test). C. Schematic showing isolation of migratory fish keratocytes. Keratocytes were isolated from 2 day post-fertilization zebrafish embryos (wild-type or −/− Galvanin) and allowed to adhere to coverslips prior to electrotaxis experiments. D. Relative cell trajectories of keratocytes exposed to an electric field (300 mV/mm) over 30 minutes (1 minute imaging interval). A subset of trajectories are shown (125 per condition). E. Average cosine of the angle θ between cell trajectories (final and initial position) and the electric field vector. Error bars represent standard error of the mean. Analysis was performed across 126–373 cell trajectories per condition, from 4 sample preparations. Asterisks indicate statistical significance between the individual cell measurements from wild-type and −/− Galvanin keratocytes (p < 0.0001, two-sided Mann–Whitney U test).