| Threat descriptor |
Potential management options |
| Unconserved land |
Sampling area is on unconserved land. Formation of an agreement with the current landowner and/or humane removal of bats, although a last resort, might be necessary if bats are under threat of intentional exclusion or extermination. |
| Pesticide use |
In-depth study of the effects of insect control (and the chemicals used) on bats, and explicit testing of the hypothesis that pesticide use lowers food availability and quality. Depending on results, reduction or cessation of pesticide use could be implemented on conserved lands. |
| Lack of open water |
Restoration and/or maintenance of seasonal water sources (i.e., water troughs, tanks, ponds, and pools) during the dry season, construction of permanent water sources where they are lacking. |
| Artificial lights |
Partial night-lighting, where artificial lights are powered off during certain hours of the night, might be effective for some species [30]. Removal of artificial lights from areas inhabited by bats. In-depth study of the effects of artificial lighting on bats, and identification of species that benefit and are negatively impacted by artificial lighting. |
| Urbanization |
Consider conserving lands where bats are present, especially when encroaching into lesser-developed foothill areas. If urbanization must proceed, or it has already occurred, mitigation measures likely to assist bat populations can include a reduction of artificial lighting, restoration of riparian habitat, and removal of invasive vegetation. |
