Table 1.
Chemical environments and peak ratios of C1s and O1s for the prepared CDs.
| Chemical environment and peak ratios | Functional group | Binding energy (eV) | CDs-1 | CDs-2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C1S | C=C | 284.5 | 74.2% | 73.2% |
| C–C, C–H | 285.0 | 3.2% | 2.8% | |
| C–OH, C–O–C | 286.5 | 1.3% | 1.0% | |
| C=O | 288.0 | 2.0% | 2.1% | |
| O–C=O | 289.0 | 19.3% | 20.9% | |
| O1s | C=O | 531.0 | 64.1% | 59.6% |
| O-(C=O*)-C | 531.6 | 23.3% | 27.7% | |
| C–OH | 533.6 | 3.9% | 1.4% | |
| *O-(C=O) | 534.8 | 8.7% | 11.2% |
Note: The asterisk (*) symbol next to the atom denotes its known binding energy value from literature data.