Table 1. Differential expression summary of salivary DNA biomarkers in Oral Cancer.
| Biomarker | Study population | Saliva partition | Methods | Expression | Sensitivity | Function | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8-OHdG | 90 (30HC, 30 OSCC, 30 OSMF) | Saliva Supernatant | Sandwich ELISA | Upregulated | p<0.0001 | Oxidative DNA damage | 91 |
| P16INK4A, RASSF1A | 83 (40 HC, 43 OSCC) | Salivary rinse | Quantitative methylation specific PCR | Hyper methylation | p<0.001 | Tumor suppressor gene | 92 |
| TIMP3, PCQAP/MED15 | 148 (60 HC, 54 OC, 34 OP) | Saliva Supernatant | Quantitative methylation-specific PCR | Hyper methylation | p<0.05 p<0.0001 | Tumor suppressor gene | 93 |
| Telomerase | 300 (100 HC, 100 PML, 100 OSCC) | Salivary rinse | TRAP assay | Upregulated | p<0.001 | Reverse Transcriptase enzyme | 94 |
| KIF1A, EDNRB | 132 (61 HC, 71 HNSCC) | Salivary rinse | Quantitative methylation-specific PCR | Hyper methylation | p<0.0001 | Intracellular transport and cell cycle | 95 |
| p53 gene codon 63 of exon 4 | 37 (27 HC, 10 OC) | Saliva Supernatant | DNA sequencing and PCR | Loss of p53 gene codon 63 | p<0.05 | Tumor suppressor gene | 96 |
| DAPK1 | 174 (31 HC, 143 HNSCC) | Salivary cell pellet | Nested MSP | Hyper methylation | p<0.0001 | Cell cycle regulator | 97 |
| p16 | 60 (30 HC, 30 OSMF) | Salivary rinse | RT-QMSP | Hyper methylation | - | Tumor suppressor gene | 98 |
| MED15, PCQAP | 184 (94 HC, 90 HNSCC) | Saliva Supernatant | Methylation specific PCR | Hyper methylation | p<0.01 | Transcription factors | 99 |
| Maspin Phospho-Src | 38 (19 HC, 19 TC) | Saliva Supernatant | Immunoreactivity assay | Upregulated | p=0.001 p<0.00001 | Tumor suppressor, cell-cell adhesion, and proliferation | 100 |
| D3S1234, D9S156, and D17S799 | 50 (10 HC, 40HNSCC) | Saliva Supernatant | Microsatellite analysis | Loss of heterozygosity | p<0.001 | Cause Genetic instability | 101 |
| MGMT | 60 (30 HC, 30 HNSCC) | Saliva Supernatant | Methylation-specific PCR | Hyper methylation | p<0.001 | DNA repair pathway | 102 |
HC= Healthy Control; OC= Oral Cancer ;OSCC= Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma; OSMF= Oral Submucous Fibrosis; OP= Oropharynx; HNSCC= Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma; PML= Premalignant lesion; 8-OHdG= 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine; KIF1A= Kinesin family member 1A; EDNRB= Endothelin receptor type B; TIMP3= Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases 3; PCQAP = PC2 glutamine/Q-rich-associated protein; PCR= Polymerase Chain Reaction; DAPK1= Death-associated protein kinase 1; OSMF= oral submucous fibrosis; RT-QMSP= Real-Time quantitative methylation-specific PCR; Phospho-Src = Phosphorylated-Src; TC= Tongue Carcinoma; MSP= Methylation specific PCR; Maspin= mammary serine protease inhibitor TRAP= Telomerase Repeated Amplification Protocol; MGMT= methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase; RAASF1A= Ras association domain-containing protein; MED15= Mediator Complex Subunit 15