Table 2.
Means (±1 SD) of all environmental and forest structural characteristics, soil properties, and measures of soil functioning in intact closed canopy forest and selective logging gaps.
| Group | Parameter | Vegetation type | R 2 | F | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intact forest | Logging gap | |||||
| Topography | Altitude (m) | 481.00 ± 111.52 | 459.40 ± 116.56 | |||
| Slope (°) | 17.94 ± 7.27 | 11.27 ± 5.40 | ||||
| Microclimate | Mean soil temperature (°C) | 26.41 ± 3.38 | 27.26 ± 3.65 | |||
| Max. soil temperature (°C) | 27.60 ± 3.47 | 31.80 ± 5.62 | ||||
| Min. soil temperature (°C) | 25.37 ± 3.15 | 24.87 ± 3.51 | ||||
| Mean soil moisture (%) | 38.24 ± 5.95 | 39.77 ± 8.80 | ||||
| Max. soil moisture (%) | 48.23 ± 1.54 | 62.33 ± 2.15 | 0.95 | 76.66 | 0.001 | |
| Min. soil moisture (%) | 33.00 ± 7.40 | 33.70 ± 5.74 | ||||
| PAR (μmol m−2 s−1) | 6.88 ± 10.14 | 94.57 ± 65.16 | 0.67 | 9.70 | 0.014 | |
| Forest structural | Canopy openness (%) | 8.77 ± 1.54 | 50.60 ± 14.26 | 0.93 | 114.06 | <0.001 |
| Basal area (m2 ha−1) | 31.12 ± 16.77 | 4.26 ± 9.53 | 0.58 | 11.21 | 0.010 | |
| Soil physicochemical | pH | 4.66 ± 0.54 | 5.25 ± 0.44 | 0.69 | 17.73 | 0.003 |
| Organic layer depth (cm) | 4.06 ± 0.78 | 3.88 ± 2.45 | ||||
| Sand (%) | 61.67 ± 6.41 | 58.40 ± 8.17 | ||||
| Silt (%) | 13.50 ± 2.43 | 17.20 ± 4.09 | ||||
| Clay (%) | 24.83 ± 4.96 | 24.20 ± 5.12 | ||||
| Bulk density (g cm−3) | 0.87 ± 0.13 | 1.06 ± 0.09 | 0.49 | 7.80 | 0.023 | |
| C (%) | 3.85 ± 0.94 | 3.32 ± 0.64 | ||||
| N (%) | 0.31 ± 0.09 | 0.28 ± 0.06 | ||||
| C: N ratio | 12.60 ± 1.96 | 12.18 ± 1.39 | ||||
| Total P (μg g−1) | 230.07 ± 83.24 | 253.71 ± 103.59 | ||||
| Inorganic P (μg g−1) | 6.45 ± 1.68 | 4.50 ± 0.54 | 0.63 | 13.52 | 0.006 | |
| Soil nutrient supply rates (μg probe−1 week−1) | NO3− | 90.63 ± 76.96 | 49.08 ± 44.09 | 0.53 | 8.93 | 0.017 |
| P− | 1.22 ± 0.45 | 1.50 ± 1.15 | ||||
| S− | 21.59 ± 12.07 | 30.49 ± 8.37 | ||||
| NH4+ | 20.20 ± 9.08 | 12.95 ± 8.30 | ||||
| Ca+ | 327.00 ± 270.55 | 481.58 ± 314.45 | ||||
| Mg+ | 129.48 ± 70.28 | 177.43 ± 93.99 | ||||
| K+ | 222.43 ± 67.45 | 214.13 ± 55.78 | ||||
| Fe+ | 6.44 ± 2.32 | 14.05 ± 13.33 | ||||
| Mn+ | 9.95 ± 2.85 | 12.24 ± 15.85 | ||||
| Zn+ | 0.73 ± 0.11 | 0.59 ± 0.23 | ||||
| Al+ | 10.96 ± 2.94 | 11.82 ± 3.96 | ||||
| Heterotrophic soil respiration | CO2 efflux rate (μg CO2-C cm−2 h−1) | 71.30 ± 13.31 | 51.68 ± 14.63 | |||
| Soil enzyme activity (nmol g dry soil−1 min−1) | Phosphomonoesterase | 45.08 ± 18.22 | 40.71 ± 18.23 | |||
| Phosphodiesterase | 8.16 ± 4.78 | 7.84 ± 6.31 | ||||
| N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase | 3.25 ± 1.07 | 3.13 ± 0.68 | ||||
| β-glucosidase | 4.24 ± 1.56 | 5.14 ± 1.31 | ||||
| Sulphatase | 3.21 ± 2.26 | 4.22 ± 2.38 | ||||
| α-glucosidase | 0.35 ± 0.10 | 0.28 ± 0.07 | ||||
| β-Xylanase | 1.76 ± 0.63 | 1.30 ± 0.20 | ||||
| Cellobiohydrolase | 1.04 ± 0.45 | 1.15 ± 0.39 | ||||
SDs were calculated using plot-averaged values to match statistical tests. Statistics are given for attributes that significantly differed between vegetation types as identified with ANOVA after controlling for site (p < 0.05).