Fig. 8.

Schematic diagram of proposed TBN’s mechanisms of action in experimental PD models. TBN inhibits CDK5 and activates Akt/GSK-3β pathway. The MEF2/PGC-1α/Nrf2 signaling pathway was then activated, resulting in reduced oxidative stress, and enhanced mitochondrial function, eventually preventing the advance of nigral DA neurodegeneration in experimental models of PD.