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. 2024 Oct 9;14:23531. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-75493-z

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Comparison of metastatic lesions between intravenous (i.v.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) transplantation. (a) Metastatic lesions in the conventional experimental metastasis model. SK-Hep-1 cells were intravenously transplanted into NSG mice (n = 5). (b) Metastatic lesions in the spontaneous metastatic xenograft model. SK-Hep-1 cells were subcutaneously implanted into NSG mice (n = 5). Black arrow, metastatic lesion. (c) Comparison of metastatic lesions between two metastatic models in NSG mice. Data are expressed as the proportion of mice with metastases to multiple organs compared with the entire experimental group (Fisher’s exact test). *, p < 0.05. CEM, Conventional experimental metastasis model; SM, spontaneous metastasis model. (d) Hematoxylin-stained liver tissues. The red dashed lines indicate the metastatic lesions. CEM, Conventional experimental metastasis model; SM, spontaneous metastasis model. Scale bar, 500 μm. (e) Quantification of metastatic lesion in liver tissues. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (n = 3 / group). (f) Expression of Ki67 in metastatic lesions of organs (liver, lymph nodes, kidneys) in the spontaneous metastasis model. Scale bar, 100 μm.

Fig. 2 — Comparison of metastatic lesions between intravenous (i.v.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) transplantation. (a) Metastatic lesions in the conventional experimental metastasis model. SK-Hep-1 cells were intravenously transplanted into NSG mice (n = 5). (b) Metastatic lesions in the spontaneous metastatic xenograft model. SK-Hep-1 cells were subcutaneously implanted into NSG mice (n = 5). Black arrow, metastatic lesion. (c) Comparison of metastatic lesions between two metastatic models in NSG mice. Data are expressed as the proportion of mice with metastases to multiple organs compared with the entire experimental group (Fisher’s exact test). *, p < 0.05. CEM, Conventional experimental metastasis model; SM, spontaneous metastasis model. (d) Hematoxylin-stained liver tissues. The red dashed lines indicate the metastatic lesions. CEM, Conventional experimental metastasis model; SM, spontaneous metastasis model. Scale bar, 500 μm. (e) Quantification of metastatic lesion in liver tissues. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (n = 3 / group). (f) Expression of Ki67 in metastatic lesions of organs (liver, lymph nodes, kidneys) in the spontaneous metastasis model. Scale bar, 100 μm.