. 2024 Feb 20;59(10):1709–1719. doi: 10.1007/s00127-024-02620-6

Table 2.

Sociodemographic associations with unemployment in service users diagnosed with severe mental illness

	N ever unemployed	Percentage ever unemployed	Unadjusted logistic regression^a		Logistic regression adjusted for age and sex^a		Logistic regression fully adjusted^a^{, b}
	N ever unemployed	Percentage ever unemployed	Odds ratio	95% CI	Odds ratio	95% CI	Odds ratio	95% CI
Age
16–29	1528	76.9	Reference		Reference		Reference
30–39	3260	86.2	1.87	1.63–2.15	1.85	1.61–2.13	1.84	1.60–2.12
40–49	3716	89.7	2.61	2.26–3.01	2.58	2.23–2.98	2.61	2.25–3.03
50–59	4034	90.9	2.99	2.59–3.46	2.97	2.57–3.44	3.01	2.59–3.51
60–69	2313	87.8	2.16	1.85–2.53	2.16	1.84–2.52	2.57	2.19–3.03
70–79	1254	75.7	0.94	0.80–1.09	0.94	0.81–1.10	2.17	1.76–2.68
80–89	554	61.2	0.47	0.40–0.56	0.49	0.41–0.58	1.80	1.36–2.37
90–100	119	53.3	0.34	0.26–0.46	0.36	0.27–0.48	1.39	0.97–2.00
Sex
Female	7800	82.8	Reference		Reference		Reference^c
Male	8978	86.8	1.36	1.26–1.47	1.19	1.10–1.29	1.05	0.97–1.15
Relationship status
In a relationship	2314	79.7	Reference		Reference		Reference
Not in a relationship	14,464	85.8	1.53	1.39–1.70	1.59	1.44–1.77	1.33	1.19–1.49
Ethnicity
White British	8231	81.5	Reference		Reference		Reference
Irish	507	83.7	1.16	0.93–1.45	1.31	1.04–1.65	1.18	0.93–1.50
Black Caribbean	4883	89.7	1.99	1.80–2.20	1.92	1.73–2.13	1.62	1.45–1.80
Black African	2483	88.4	1.73	1.53–1.96	1.50	1.32–1.71	1.32	1.15–1.51
South Asian	674	83.3	1.13	0.94–1.37	1.11	0.91–1.35	1.17	0.95–1.43
Index of multiple deprivation (national quintiles)
1 (least deprived)	394	69.7	Reference		Reference		Reference
2nd	539	70.8	1.02	0.81–1.28	0.95	0.75–1.21	0.96	0.75–1.23
3rd	1922	79.2	1.63	1.34–1.99	1.50	1.22–1.85	1.29	1.04–1.61
4th	6022	85.6	2.47	2.06–2.98	2.22	1.83–2.69	1.81	1.48–2.22
5th (most deprived)	7901	88.0	3.08	2.57–3.70	2.75	2.27–3.32	2.12	1.73–2.60

^aAll likelihood ratio tests were significant (p < 0.0001) unless otherwise indicated

^bModels were adjusted for age, sex, deprivation, relationship status, ethnicity, diagnosis type, SMI onset (late onset/ working age), and substance use disorder

^cLikelihood ratio test for sex p = 0.2258