Table 1.

Bivariable analysis showing differences between those with no incident CKD or eGFR decline ≥ 30% over 4 years and those with incident CKD or eGFR decline ≥ 30% over four years

Variables at baseline	No incident CKD or eGFR decline ≥ 30% over 4 years	Incident CKD or eGFR decline ≥ 30% over 4 years	P-value
Number (%)	83 (90.2)	9 (9.8)
Age at FDS entry (years)	45.3 ± 16.4	54.3 ± 13.5	0.117
Sex (% male)	59.0	33.0	0.170
Age at diabetes diagnosis (years)	23.9 ± 12.3	24.7 ± 12.3	0.860
Diabetes duration (years)	20.0 [9.9–31.3]	31.0 [22.5–37.0]	0.056
Body mass index (kg/m2)	25.6 ± 4.3	31.0 ± 7.6	0.066
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	137 ± 23	147 ± 17	0.202
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	78 ± 12	76 ± 12	0.704
HbA1c (%)	7.8 [7.2–8.8]	7.8 [6.9–8.2]	0.737
HbA1c (mmol/mol)	62 [55–73]	62 [52–66]	0.737
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2)	97.8 ± 21.4	54.8 ± 20.9	< 0.001
eGFR (%)			< 0.001
≥ 90 mL/min/1.73m2	73.5	0.0
60–89 mL/min/1.73m2	18.1	55.6
45–59 mL/min/1.73m2	3.6	11.1
< 45 mL/min/1.73m2	4.8	33.3
Total serum cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.6 ± 1.0	5.0 ± 0.8	0.324
Serum triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.0 (0.6–1.6)	1.0 (0.7–1.7)	0.629
Serum HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.59 ± 0.49	1.78 ± 0.47	0.261
Urinary albumin:creatinine ratio (mg/mmol)	1.6 (0.7–3.7)	14.7 (1.7–126.3)	0.014
Antihypertensive medication (%)	32.5	77.8	0.012
Renin-angiotensin system blocking drugs (%)	31.3	66.7	0.060
Lipid-modifying medication (%)	28.9	44.4	0.447
Proteomic biomarkers (μg/mL)
APOA4	25.9 (13.2–50.8)	46.6 (26.9–80.9)	0.007
CD5L	3.1 (1.3–7.3)	7.3 (4.6–11.7)	0.004
IGFBP3	2.1 (1.5–3.0)	2.6 (1.3–4.9)	0.155
PromarkerD Scores (%)	0.16 (0.01–2.96)	12.18 (6.02–24.65)	< 0.001

Data are presented as percentages, mean ± standard deviation (SD), geometric mean (SD range), or median [interquartile range]. Two-way comparisons were performed using Fisher’s exact test, Student’s t-test or Mann–Whitney U-test as appropriate