Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to education and income*
| Total population, (n = 47 735) | Group A, (n = 26 032) | Group B, (n = 10 502) | Group C, (n = 4955) | Group D, (n = 6246) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Demographics
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Age in years, MD (IQR) |
47.0 (39.0–55.0) |
43.0 (37.0–51.0) |
43.0 (36.0–52.0) |
56.0 (51.0–60.0) |
58.0 (52.0–61.0) |
<0.001 |
| Gender, male |
20 881 (43.7) |
12 282 (47.2) |
4737 (45.1) |
1777 (35.9) |
2085 (33.4) |
<0.001 |
| Urban |
38 743 (81.2) |
22 457 (86.3) |
8522 (81.1) |
3513 (70.9) |
4251 (68.1) |
<0.001 |
| Job, white-collar |
11 468 (24.0) |
9324 (35.8) |
1888 (18.0) |
154 (3.1) |
102 (1.6) |
<0.001 |
| Percentage of health screening |
27 376 (57.3) |
15 567 (59.8) |
4671 (44.5) |
3340 (67.4) |
3798 (60.8) |
<0.001 |
| Poor access to nutrition |
21 728 (45.5) |
10 031 (38.5) |
5638 (53.7) |
2275 (45.9) |
3784 (60.6) |
<0.001 |
| Limited access to hospitals |
4092 (8.6) |
1887 (7.2) |
945 (9.0) |
485 (9.8) |
775 (12.4) |
<0.001 |
| Regular aerobic exercise |
10 906 (22.8) |
6328 (24.3) |
2239 (21.3) |
1128 (22.8) |
1211 (19.4) |
<0.001 |
| BMI≥30 |
2581 (5.4) |
1151 (4.4) |
682 (6.5) |
298 (6.0) |
450 (7.2) |
<0.001 |
| Waist circumference in cm, x̄ (SD) |
81.7 (9.5) |
80.9 (9.4) |
81.5 (9.7) |
83.3 (8.8) |
83.9 (9.4) |
<0.001 |
| Current drinking |
33 661 (70.5) |
19 895 (76.4) |
7326 (69.8) |
2980 (60.1) |
3460 (55.4) |
<0.001 |
| Current smoking |
11 824 (24.8) |
6313 (24.3) |
2822 (26.9) |
1103 (22.3) |
1586 (25.4) |
<0.001 |
|
Cardiovascular comorbidity
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Hypertension |
11 636 (24.4) |
4983 (19.1) |
2137 (20.3) |
1868 (37.7) |
2648 (42.4) |
<0.001 |
|
Treatment
|
5954 (51.2) |
2186 (43.9) |
927 (43.4) |
1125 (60.2) |
1716 (64.8) |
<0.001 |
|
Above 140/90 mm Hg
|
7188 (15.1) |
3287 (12.6) |
1414 (13.5) |
1049 (21.2) |
1438 (23.0) |
<0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus |
4446 (9.3) |
1670 (6.4) |
929 (8.8) |
713 (14.4) |
1134 (18.2) |
<0.001 |
|
HbA1c in %, MD (IQR) |
6.0 (5.0–6.0) |
6.0 (5.0–6.0) |
6.0 (5.0–6.0) |
6.0 (6.0–6.0) |
6.0 (6.0–6.0) |
<0.001 |
|
Treatment
|
2322 (52.2) |
774 (46.3) |
422 (45.4) |
409 (57.4) |
717 (63.2) |
<0.001 |
|
HbA1c >7.0%
|
3256 (6.8) |
1244 (4.8) |
676 (6.4) |
519 (10.5) |
817 (13.1) |
<0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia |
14 041 (29.4) |
6767 (26.0) |
2770 (26.4) |
1936 (39.1) |
2568 (41.1) |
<0.001 |
|
Total cholesterol in mg/dl, x̄ (SD) |
192.9 (36.1) |
192.0 (35.2) |
191.6 (36.2) |
196.6 (37.0) |
195.3 (38.3) |
<0.001 |
|
Triglyceride in mg/dl, MD (IQR) |
110.0 (74.0–167.0) |
105.0 (71.0–161.0) |
108.0 (73.0–168.0) |
118.0 (80.0–176.0) |
123.0 (83.0–182.0) |
<0.001 |
|
HDL cholesterol in mg/dl, x̄ (SD)
|
50.2 (12.1) |
50.7 (12.2) |
50.2 (12.2) |
49.2 (11.9) |
48.9 (12.0) |
<0.001 |
|
LDL cholesterol in mg/dl, x̄ (SD)
|
106.3 (45.1) |
105.7 (44.7) |
100.1 (49.1) |
114.8 (39.4) |
112.4 (42.1) |
<0.001 |
|
Treatment
|
2787 (19.8) |
1096 (16.2) |
438 (15.8) |
525 (27.1) |
728 (28.3) |
<0.001 |
|
LDL>130mg/dl
|
14 119 (29.6) |
7444 (28.6) |
2780 (26.5) |
1757 (35.5) |
2138 (34.2) |
<0.001 |
| MI or angina |
643 (1.3) |
210 (0.8) |
93 (0.9) |
130 (2.6) |
210 (3.4) |
<0.001 |
|
Treatment
|
492 (76.5) |
151 (71.9) |
68 (73.1) |
102 (78.5) |
171 (81.4) |
0.093 |
| Stroke |
522 (1.1) |
131 (0.5) |
92 (0.9) |
96 (1.9) |
202 (3.2) |
<0.001 |
|
Treatment
|
330 (63.2) |
79 (60.3) |
59 (64.1) |
58 (60.4) |
134 (66.3) |
0.679 |
| CCVD (MI, angina, or stroke) |
1113 (2.3) |
330 (1.3) |
177 (1.7) |
218 (4.4) |
388 (6.2) |
<0.001 |
| Treatment | 794 (71.3) | 225 (68.2) | 125 (70.6) | 155 (71.1) | 289 (74.5) | 0.016 |
BMI – body mass index, CCVD – cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, DBP – diastolic blood pressure, HDL – high-density lipoprotein, IQR – interquartile range, LDL – low-density lipoprotein, MD – median, MI – myocardial infarction, Regular aerobic exercise – 30 min 5 d a week, SBP – systolic blood pressure, SD – standard deviation, x̄ – mean
*Presented as n (%) unless specified otherwise.