Figure 3 |. Impact of the NICU exposome on the developing preterm gut microbiome.

A) PCoA of Bray-Curtis dissimilarity of 1888 samples from 188 infants during the first 90 days of NICU hospitalization. Boxplots display PCO1 and PCO2 colored by postnatal age with variance explained in parentheses. B) Significant (p<0.1) and not significant (p>0.1) associations by metadata variable class are displayed as determined by repeat measures PERMANOVA. C-E) Coefficient of change of each genus corresponding to species significantly (q<0.05) changed based on the listed variable using MaAsLin2 with random effects of participant, hospital site, and study (this study, Gibson et al¹¹, or Gasparrini et al¹²). Exposures affecting less than 1% of samples and fixed effects q>0.05 are not displayed, but full associations (q<0.25 per MaAsLin2 default) are listed in Data S19.