Skip to main content
. 2024 Jul 18;53(11):2551–2571. doi: 10.1007/s10964-024-02052-0

Table 3.

Parameter estimates for a partially constrained final model across ethnoracially minoritized and White youth

ERI Exploration ERI Resolution ERI Negative Affect
Est SE p Est SE p Est SE p
Non-white youth (n = 533)
Own ER Discrim 0.08 0.04 0.03* 0.00 0.04 0.94 0.12c 0.05 0.02*
% Same-Group Friends −0.04 0.04 0.27 −0.01 0.04 0.79 0.06d 0.05 0.18
Friend Cultural Socialization 0.24a 0.05 0.00*** 0.12 0.04 0.00*** 0.12 0.06 0.07
Friend ER Discrimination −0.03 0.04 0.51 0.02 0.04 0.67 −0.01 0.05 0.75
Friend ERI Dimension 0.07 0.04 0.07 0.15 0.04 0.00*** −0.02e 0.04 0.61
Sch Prom Cult Competence 0.09 0.05 0.08 0.08 0.05 0.13 0.09f 0.06 0.16
Sch Crit Cons Socialization 0.11b 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.05 0.08 0.00 0.06 1.00
Gender 0.05 0.03 0.16 0.01 0.04 0.70 −0.03 0.04 0.47
Generational Status −0.09 0.04 0.03* −0.09 0.04 0.02* 0.01 0.05 0.85
Grade 6 Multi-ethnic 0.10 0.06 0.09 −0.08 0.06 0.15 0.14 0.06 0.03*
Grade 9 Multi-ethnic 0.01 0.05 0.83 0.02 0.05 0.64 −0.08 0.05 0.13
White youth (n = 184)
Own ER Discrim 0.08 0.04 0.02* 0.00 0.04 0.94 0.30c 0.09 0.00***
% Same-Group Friends −0.05 0.04 0.27 −0.01 0.04 0.79 −0.11d 0.07 0.10
Friend Cultural Socialization 0.12a 0.07 0.09 0.13 0.04 0.00*** 0.09 0.05 0.07
Friend ER Discrimination −0.03 0.04 0.51 0.02 0.04 0.67 −0.01 0.04 0.75
Friend ERI Dimension 0.07 0.04 0.07 0.18 0.05 0.00*** −0.07e 0.07 0.30
Sch Prom Cult Competence 0.11 0.07 0.08 0.10 0.07 0.13 −0.13f 0.08 0.08
Sch Crit Cons Socialization 0.29b 0.09 0.00*** 0.11 0.06 0.08 0.00 0.05 1.00
Gender 0.05 0.04 0.16 0.02 0.04 0.70 −0.02 0.03 0.47
Generational Status −0.06 0.03 0.03* −0.06 0.02 0.02* 0.00 0.02 0.85
Grade 6 Multi-ethnic 0.09 0.05 0.09 −0.08 0.05 0.15 0.09 0.04 0.04*
Grade 9 Multi-ethnic 0.01 0.05 0.83 0.03 0.06 0.64 −0.07 0.05 0.13

Parameters with the same superscript letter (e.g., a, b, c) represent significantly different coefficients between non-White and White youth based on chi-square difference tests for multigroup equality constraints. Friend ERI Dimension represent represents a sum composite of friend networks’ ERI Exploration as a predictor of focal youth ERI Exploration; similarly, a sum composite of friends’ ERI Resolution is a predictor focal youth ERI Resolution. Gender (1 = girl; 0 = boy). Generational status (1 = 1st generation, child and parents born abroad; 2 = 2nd generation, child born in the U.S. and two parents born abroad; 3 = 2.5 generation, one parent foreign-born and child and the other parent are U.S.-born; 4 = 3rd generation with U.S.-born child and parents). Standardized coefficients presented. Accounting for ethnoracial composition and developmental periods is done via 3 dummies: (1) Grade 6 Multiethnic (multiethnic middle school 1 and multiethnic middle school 2 combined) (2) Grade 9 Multiethnic (multiethnic high school 4), and (3) Grade 9 Majority White is used as a reference group

Note: ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05