Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and outcomes of the included patients.
| Patients | All patients (N = 8574) |
Training dataset (N = 6001) |
Validation dataset (N = 2573) |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, years | 69.03 (57.33, 80.04) | 68.89 (57.25, 80.04) | 69.36 (57.42, 80.05) | 0.569 |
| Gender | 0.155 | |||
| Male | 4774.00 (55.68%) | 3311.00 (55.17%) | 1463.00 (56.86%) | |
| Female | 3800.00 (44.32%) | 2690.00 (44.83%) | 1110.00 (43.14%) | |
| Ethnicity | 0.358 | |||
| White | 5923.00 (69.08%) | 4158.00 (69.29%) | 1765.00 (68.60%) | |
| Black | 845.00 (9.86%) | 588.00 (9.80%) | 257.00 (9.99%) | |
| Asian | 248.00 (2.89%) | 162.00 (2.70%) | 86.00 (3.34%) | |
| Hispanic | 305.00 (3.56%) | 223.00 (3.72%) | 82.00 (3.19%) | |
| Other | 1253.00 (14.61%) | 870.00 (14.50%) | 383.00 (14.89%) | |
| Admission care unit | 0.998 | |||
| CCU | 2653.00 (30.94%) | 1856.00 (30.93%) | 797.00 (30.98%) | |
| MICU/SICU | 5571.00 (64.98%) | 3900.00 (64.99%) | 1671.00 (64.94%) | |
| NICU | 350.00 (4.08%) | 245.00 (4.08%) | 105.00 (4.08%) | |
| Comorbidity | ||||
| Hypertension | 3873.00 (45.17%) | 2698.00 (44.96%) | 1175.00 (45.67%) | 0.554 |
| COPD | 242.00 (2.82%) | 171.00 (2.85%) | 71.00 (2.76%) | 0.887 |
| Diabetes | 2543.00 (29.66%) | 1769.00 (29.48%) | 774.00 (30.08%) | 0.588 |
| Liver disease | 1095.00 (12.77%) | 781.00 (13.01%) | 314.00 (12.20%) | 0.306 |
| Myocardial infarct | 1502.00 (17.52%) | 1048.00 (17.46%) | 454.00 (17.64%) | 0.852 |
| Congestive heart failure | 2978.00 (34.73%) | 2088.00 (34.79%) | 890.00 (34.59%) | 0.863 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1767.00 (20.61%) | 1228.00 (20.46%) | 539.00 (20.95%) | 0.62 |
| Cancer | 1185.00 (13.82%) | 827.00 (13.78%) | 358.00 (13.91%) | 0.865 |
| AIDS | 64.00 (0.75%) | 46.00 (0.77%) | 18.00 (0.70%) | 0.786 |
| Intervention | ||||
| Two or more devices | 6019.00 (70.20%) | 4220.00 (70.32%) | 1799.00 (69.92%) | 0.718 |
| LOS before using IMV, hours | 0.35 (0.00, 4.03) | 0.35 (0.00, 4.20) | 0.35 (0.00, 3.79) | 0.415 |
| LOS before using IUC, hours | 1.57 (0.49, 4.09) | 1.57 (0.49, 4.14) | 1.56 (0.50, 4.00) | 0.615 |
| LOS before using CVC, hours | 0.00 (0.00, 27.75) | 0.00 (0.00, 28.48) | 0.00 (0.00, 25.48) | 0.428 |
| RRT | 645.00 (7.52%) | 455.00 (7.58%) | 190.00 (7.38%) | 0.789 |
| Tracheostomy | 393.00 (4.58%) | 277.00 (4.62%) | 116.00 (4.51%) | 0.866 |
| Laboratory parameter | ||||
| WBC, 109/L | 10.87 (8.15, 14.42) | 10.85 (8.20, 14.40) | 10.90 (8.10, 14.45) | 0.879 |
| Platelet, 109/L | 196.00 (141.67, 260.42) | 196.50 (142.55, 261.58) | 195.00 (139.33, 256.75) | 0.2 |
| Anion gap, mmol/L | 14.00 (12.00, 16.40) | 14.00 (12.00, 16.33) | 14.00 (12.33, 16.50) | 0.251 |
| Bicarbonate, mmol/L | 23.50 (21.33, 26.00) | 23.50 (21.33, 26.00) | 23.50 (21.20, 26.00) | 0.155 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.00 (0.73, 1.48) | 1.00 (0.73, 1.47) | 1.00 (0.75, 1.50) | 0.675 |
| Chloride, mmol/L | 104.33 (100.50, 108.00) | 104.33 (100.50, 108.00) | 104.33 (100.50, 108.00) | 0.826 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 131.67 (113.46, 157.75) | 132.00 (113.00, 158.00) | 130.56 (114.55, 157.04) | 0.765 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 10.70 (9.40, 12.35) | 10.70 (9.40, 12.40) | 10.65 (9.40, 12.28) | 0.345 |
| Potassium, mmol/L | 4.15 (3.84, 4.55) | 4.15 (3.83, 4.55) | 4.15 (3.85, 4.55) | 0.776 |
| Sodium, mmol/L | 138.67 (136.00, 141.00) | 138.67 (136.00, 141.00) | 138.67 (136.00, 141.00) | 0.79 |
| BUN, mg/dL | 20.00 (14.00, 32.33) | 20.00 (14.00, 32.33) | 20.00 (14.00, 32.27) | 0.881 |
| Calcium, mg/dL | 8.40 (7.97, 8.90) | 8.40 (7.97, 8.90) | 8.40 (7.97, 8.87) | 0.53 |
| APTT, s | 31.38 (27.30, 39.26) | 31.46 (27.30, 39.30) | 31.20 (27.21, 39.16) | 0.538 |
| PT, s | 13.95 (12.43, 16.27) | 13.97 (12.43, 16.31) | 13.85 (12.45, 16.15) | 0.204 |
| INR | 1.25 (1.10, 1.50) | 1.25 (1.10, 1.50) | 1.24 (1.10, 1.47) | 0.208 |
| Vital signs | ||||
| SBP, mmHg | 116.65 (106.57, 129.84) | 116.66 (106.72, 130.08) | 116.64 (106.38, 129.46) | 0.531 |
| DBP, mmHg | 61.36 (54.62, 69.39) | 61.48 (54.72, 69.50) | 61.12 (54.27, 69.09) | 0.112 |
| MAP, mmHg | 76.79 (70.19, 85.17) | 76.89 (70.32, 85.29) | 76.60 (69.93, 84.77) | 0.179 |
| Temperature, °C | 36.83 (36.57, 37.14) | 36.83 (36.57, 37.14) | 36.82 (36.57, 37.15) | 0.844 |
| SpO2, % | 97.17 (95.68, 98.54) | 97.14 (95.68, 98.53) | 97.26 (95.70, 98.57) | 0.263 |
| Heart rate, min− 1 | 84.30 (74.72, 96.53) | 84.29 (74.68, 96.64) | 84.38 (74.75, 96.20) | 0.898 |
| Respiratory rate, min− 1 | 18.77 (16.59, 21.61) | 18.78 (16.64, 21.60) | 18.74 (16.44, 21.64) | 0.243 |
| GCS | 15.00 (13.00, 15.00) | 15.00 (13.00, 15.00) | 15.00 (13.00, 15.00) | 0.126 |
| SOFA | 4.00 (2.00, 7.00) | 4.00 (2.00, 6.00) | 4.00 (2.00, 7.00) | 0.472 |
| APS III | 44.00 (33.00, 57.00) | 44.00 (33.00, 57.00) | 44.00 (33.00, 58.00) | 0.696 |
| SAPS II | 37.00 (29.00, 45.00) | 37.00 (29.00, 45.00) | 37.00 (29.00, 46.00) | 0.401 |
| Outcome | ||||
| Device-associated infection | 491.00 (5.73%) | 330.00 (5.50%) | 161.00 (6.26%) | 0.171 |
| Survival time, days | 30.00 (30.00, 30.00) | 30.00 (30.00, 30.00) | 30.00 (30.00, 30.00) | 0.845 |
| Mortality within 30 days | 1329.00 (15.50%) | 928.00 (15.46%) | 401.00 (15.58%) | 0.896 |
Continuous variables are presented as medians and interquartile ranges (IQRs) and were compared using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Categorical variables are presented as counts and percentages and were compared using Fisher’s exact test.
IQR interquartile range, CCU cardiac care unit, MICU medical intensive care unit, SICU surgical intensive care unit, NICU neurological intensive care unit, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome, IMV invasive mechanical ventilation, LOS length of stay in the ICU, IUC indwelling urinary catheter, CVC central venous catheter, RRT renal replacement therapy, WBC white blood cell, BUN blood urea nitrogen, APTT activated partial thromboplastin time, PT partial thromboplastin time, INR international normalized ratio, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP, diastolic blood pressure, MAP mean arterial pressure, SpO2 peripheral blood oxygen saturation, GCS Glasgow Coma Scale, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, APS III Acute Physiology Score III, SAPS II Simplified Acute Physiology Score II.