Table 1.
Physical and clinical characteristics of participants.
| People with PD | Controls (n = 30) | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Freezers (n = 30) | Nonfreezers (n = 30) | |||
| Sex (male/female) | 19/11 | 16/14 | 14/16 | 0.466a |
| Age (years) | 69.23 ± 5.33 | 69.23 ± 5.43 | 68.98 ± 5.57 | 0.943b |
| Height (cm) | 159.36 ± 9.51 | 158.43 ± 8.37 | 159.74 ± 6.96 | 0.822b |
| Body weight (kg) | 60.32 ± 8.49 | 60.96 ± 8.28 | 61.47 ± 7.33 | 0.857b |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.73 ± 2.46 | 24.28 ± 2.67 | 24.08 ± 2.28 | 0.686b |
| MMSE (scores) | 27.90 ± 1.92 | 27.10 ± 1.99 | 27.83 ± 1.53 | 0.112c |
| Disease duration (years) | 8.56 ± 5.85 | 3.20 ± 2.44 | - | < 0.001 d |
| Treatment duration (years) | 7.80 ± 6.42 | 2.48 ± 2.31 | - | < 0.001 d |
| L-DOPA equivalent dose (mg/day) | 731.50 ± 329.98 | 437.18 ± 225.98 | - | < 0.001 d |
| NFOG-Q (scores) | 12.57 ± 7.30 | - | - | - |
| Hoehn and Yahr scale | 2.63 ± 0.41 | 2.27 ± 0.41 | - | < 0.001 d |
| UPDRS total (scores) | 53.43 ± 14.76 | 44.68 ± 11.21 | - | 0.012 e |
| UPDRS part III (scores) | 34.92 ± 9.06 | 32.90 ± 6.85 | - | 0.335e |
| More affected limb (left/right) | 20/10 | 27/3 | All right-handed | < 0.001 a |
The data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation, with significant differences between groups indicated in bold (p < 0.05); PD: Parkinson’s disease; BMI: Body mass index; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination; L-DOPA: Levodopa; NFOG-Q: New Freezing of Gait Questionnaire; UPDRS: Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale. Statistical analyses include a Fisher’s exact test, b One-way ANOVA, c Kruskal–Wallis H test, d Mann–Whitney U test, and e Independent samples t test.