Table 1.

Characteristics of Included Trials

	Age (intervention/control)	Number of participants (intervention/control)	Surgery type	Anesthesia	Type of NSAIDs	Control drug	Timing of NSAIDs administration
Hala 2006 [18]	73/73	40/46	Open heart surgery	General	Parecoxib 40 mg	None	30 min before surgery
Li 2013 [19]	77/77	40/40	Femoral head replacement surgery	CSE	Parecoxib 20 or 40 mg	Saline	Every 12 h after surgery
Mu 2017 [15]	70/71	310/310	Hip of knee replacement surgery	CSE	Parecoxib 40 mg	Saline	At the end of surgery and then every 12 h
Shen 2022 [21]	69/68	60/60	Video-assisted thoracoscopic pulmonary lobectomy	General	Flurbiprofen 100 mg	Intralipid	20 min before incision
Wang 2019 [10]	70/69	70/70	Major non-cardiac surgery	General	Flurbiprofen 300 mg	Saline	Continuous infusion via PCA after surgery
Wang 2021 [20]	79/80	35/35	Femoral neck or intertrochanteric fracture surgery	NI	Parecoxib 40 mg	None	One day and 30 min before surgery
Wang 2023 [9]	75/73	40/40	Hip arthroplasty	General	Parecoxib 40 mg	Saline	30 min before anesthesia and at the end of the surgery.
Zeiner 2023 [16]	32/31	21/21	Cruciate ligament surgery	General	Diclofenac 75 mg	Saline	Before emergence from anesthesia

NSAIDs: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, CSE: combined spinal-epidural, NI: no information, PCA: patient-controlled analgesia.