Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population
| Variable | n = 230 386 | |
|---|---|---|
| Demographics | Age (year), mean (SD) | 74.38 (10.96) |
| Female sex, n (%) | 110 729 (48.06) | |
| OAC | VKA, n (%) | 55 805 (24.22) |
| NOAC, n (%) | 174 581 (75.78) | |
| Tumoural lesion | Any tumoural lesion, n (%) | 35 192 (15.28) |
| Gastrointestinal, n (%) | 6900 (2.99) | |
| Respiratory tract, n (%) | 2217 (0.96) | |
| Intracranial, n (%) | 469 (0.20) | |
| Urologic, n (%) | 4383 (1.9) | |
| Bleedings | Major bleed or CRNMB, n (%) | 26 920 (11.68) |
| Major bleed, n (%) | 19 493 (8.46) | |
| CRNMB, n (%) | 9901 (4.30) | |
| Gastrointestinal, n (%) | 11 477 (4.98) | |
| Respiratory tract, n (%) | 1875 (0.81) | |
| Intracranial, n (%) | 3250 (1.41) | |
| Urogenital, n (%) | 5253 (2.28) | |
| Covariates | Hypertension, n (%) | 146 939 (63.78) |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 40 255 (17.47) | |
| Peripheral artery disease, n (%) | 16 092 (6.98) | |
| Dyslipidaemia, n (%) | 130 482 (56.64) | |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 23 011 (9.99) | |
| Chronic liver disease, n (%) | 5231 (2.27) | |
| Chronic lung disease, n (%) | 37 144 (16.12) | |
| Pneumonia, n (%) | 10 946 (4.75) | |
| Upper GI tract disordera, n (%) | 14 222 (6.17) | |
| Lower GI tract disorderb, n (%) | 12 246 (5.32) | |
| Inflammatory bowel disease, n (%) | 787 (0.34) | |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 51 830 (22.5) | |
| Anaemia, n (%) | 14 092 (6.12) | |
| Medication | Drugs at baseline, mean (SD) | 6.45 (4.07) |
| NSAID, n (%) | 55 382 (24.04) | |
| Risk scores | CHA2DS2-VASc score, median (Q1–Q3) | 3.00 (2.00–4.00) |
| HAS-BLED score, median (Q1–Q3) | 2.00 (2.00–3.00) | |
| Charlson comorbidity index, median (Q1–Q3) | 4.00 (3.00–5.00) | |
| Frailty score, median (Q1–Q3) | 0.16 (0.05–0.21) |
CRNMB, clinically relevant non-major bleeding; GI, gastrointestinal; NOAC, non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; OAC, oral anticoagulant; SE, systemic embolism; SD, standard deviation; VKA, vitamin K antagonist. aUpper gastrointestinal tract disorders were defined as gastroesophageal reflux diseases or peptic ulcer disease.
bLower gastrointestinal tract disorder was defined as diverticulosis, angiodysplasia, colorectal polyposis, or haemorrhoids. Since patients could have multiple tumoural lesions or multiple bleedings at different locations, numbers of region-specific lesions and bleedings do not sum up to the total number of patients with any tumoural lesion or major bleed or CRNMB, respectively.