Table 2.
A multivariate cause-specific Cox regression on the risk of an incident tumoural lesion, among OAC users with vs. without a bleeding event
| Variables | Tumoural lesion aHR (95% CI) |
|---|---|
| Bleeding effect (MB/CRNMB) | |
| Bleeding after OAC initiation | 2.61 (2.46–2.77) |
| Type OAC related to bleeding (ref = VKA) | |
| NOAC-related bleeding | 1.13 (1.06–1.21) |
| Demographics | |
| Age | 1.03 (1.03–1.03) |
| Sex | 0.70 (0.68–0.72) |
| Comorbidities | |
| Hypertension | 0.96 (0.93–0.99) |
| CAD | 0.94 (0.91–0.98) |
| Peripheral artery disease | 1.13 (1.08–1.19) |
| Dyslipidaemia | 0.95 (0.92–0.97) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1.03 (0.99–1.08) |
| Chronic liver disease | 1.16 (1.08–1.25) |
| Chronic lung disease | 1.18 (1.14–1.22) |
| Pneumonia | 1.06 (1.01–1.12) |
| Upper GI tract disordera | 1.01 (0.97–1.06) |
| Lower GI tract disorderb | 1.14 (1.09–1.20) |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | 1.21 (1.01–1.45) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) |
| Anaemia | 1.09 (1.04–1.15) |
| Comorbidity scores | |
| CCI | 0.99 (0.97–1.00) |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) |
| Frailty score | 0.34 (0.30–0.39) |
| HAS-BLED score | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) |
| Medication usage | |
| Drug number at baseline | 1.02 (1.02–1.03) |
| NSAID | 0.99 (0.96–1.01) |
aHR, adjusted hazard ratio; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; CI, confidence interval; CRNMB, clinically relevant non-major bleeding; GI, gastrointestinal; MB, major bleeding; NOAC, non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; OAC, oral anticoagulant; SE, systemic embolism; SD, standard deviation; VKA, vitamin K antagonist.
aUpper gastrointestinal tract disorders were defined as gastroesophageal reflux diseases or peptic ulcer disease.
bLower gastrointestinal tract disorder was defined as diverticulosis, angiodysplasia, colorectal polyposis, or haemorrhoids.