Table 4.
A multivariate logistic regression on the risk of a tumoural lesion among OAC users
| Odds ratio | Any tumoural lesion | Gastrointestinal tumoural lesion | Tumoural lesion in respiratory tract | Intracranial tumoural lesion | Tumoural lesion in urological tract |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Local bleeding event | |||||
| MB/CRNMB | 2.61 (2.43–2.79) | / | / | / | / |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding | / | 7.16 (5.46–9.40) | 2.54 (1.41–4.56) | 0.92 (0.18–4.84) | 1.78 (1.11–2.85) |
| Respiratory tract bleeding | / | 1.16 (0.61–2.22) | 5.11 (2.34–11.17) | 2.29 (0.11–46.64) | 1.68 (0.7–3.99) |
| Intracranial bleeding | / | 1.57 (0.71–3.48) | 4.32 (1.41–13.27) | 31.82 (5.92–171.15) | 0.80 (0.29–2.22) |
| Urological bleeding | / | 1.48 (0.86–2.55) | 1.96 (0.75–5.14) | 2.75 (0.37–20.62) | 12.29 (8.17–18.51) |
| Type OAC related to bleeding (ref = VKA) | |||||
| MB/CRNMB | 1.10 (1.02–1.19) | / | / | / | / |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding | / | 1.21 (0.89–1.66) | 1.32 (0.67–2.59) | 1.48 (0.24–9.18) | 1.26 (0.74–2.13) |
| Respiratory tract bleeding | / | 0.99 (0.43–2.26) | 2.09 (0.77–5.65) | 1.67 (0.06–44.32) | 0.67 (0.23–1.89) |
| Intracranial bleeding | / | 0.92 (0.34–2.43) | 0.56 (0.15–2.06) | 1.11 (0.14–8.52) | 2.44 (0.77–7.68) |
| Urological bleeding | / | 0.93 (0.50–1.73) | 1.22 (0.43–3.48) | 2.44 (0.24–25.29) | 0.89 (0.57–1.39) |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Hypertension | 1.00 (0.96–1.04) | 1.01 (0.91–1.12) | 0.89 (0.74–1.07) | 1.15 (0.78–1.70) | 0.95 (0.83–1.09) |
| CAD | 0.97 (0.93–1.01) | 0.97 (0.87–1.08) | 0.80 (0.67–0.97) | 0.80 (0.51–1.26) | 0.95 (0.83–1.09) |
| Peripheral artery disease | 1.24 (1.18–1.31) | 1.17 (1.00–1.36) | 1.63 (1.3–2.03) | 1.55 (0.89–2.70) | 1.21 (0.99–1.48) |
| Dyslipidaemia | 0.94 (0.91–0.96) | 1.00 (0.93–1.07) | 0.93 (0.82–1.05) | 1.15 (0.87–1.52) | 0.98 (0.89–1.07) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1.09 (1.04–1.15) | 1.01 (0.88–1.15) | 0.92 (0.71–1.19) | 0.77 (0.39–1.52) | 1.13 (0.96–1.33) |
| Chronic liver disease | 1.43 (1.31–1.56) | 1.32 (1.03–1.68) | 0.91 (0.51–1.64) | 1.25 (0.43–3.62) | 0.80 (0.54–1.19) |
| Chronic lung disease | 1.23 (1.18–1.27) | 1.22 (1.11–1.35) | 1.84 (1.56–2.16) | 1.17 (0.80–1.70) | 1.20 (1.05–1.37) |
| Pneumonia | 1.12 (1.05–1.19) | 1.03 (0.87–1.22) | 1.47 (1.13–1.91) | 1.59 (0.81–3.13) | 0.84 (0.67–1.05) |
| Upper GI tract disordera | 1.09 (1.03–1.14) | 1.23 (1.08–1.41) | 0.91 (0.71–1.18) | 0.72 (0.37–1.39) | 0.81 (0.67–0.98) |
| Lower GI tract disorderb | 1.15 (1.09–1.21) | 1.54 (1.35–1.76) | 0.93 (0.73–1.20) | 0.67 (0.38–1.19) | 0.98 (0.82–1.17) |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | 1.24 (1.02–1.52) | 0.91 (0.51–1.64) | 0.76 (0.30–1.92) | 3.15 (0.29–34.07) | 1.28 (0.59–2.80) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.04 (1.00–1.07) | 1.08 (0.98–1.18) | 0.84 (0.71–0.99) | 0.79 (0.53–1.19) | 1.00 (0.88–1.15) |
| Anaemia | 1.16 (1.10–1.23) | 1.18 (1.01–1.38) | 1.10 (0.83–1.45) | 1.44 (0.75–2.78) | 1.03 (0.83–1.27) |
| Risk score | |||||
| CCI | 0.94 (0.92–0.96) | 0.96 (0.91–1.01) | 1.04 (0.93–1.15) | 0.98 (0.80–1.21) | 0.96 (0.90–1.03) |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score | 1.00 (0.97–1.02) | 1.02 (0.96–1.09) | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) | 0.95 (0.75–1.20) | 0.97 (0.89–1.06) |
| Frailty score | 0.30 (0.25–0.35) | 0.49 (0.32–0.75) | 0.49 (0.22–1.09) | 0.81 (0.11–6.10) | 0.74 (0.42–1.30) |
| HAS-BLED score | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) | 0.91 (0.85–0.96) | 1.04 (0.93–1.16) | 0.95 (0.73–1.25) | 1.03 (0.95–1.11) |
| Medication usage | |||||
| Drug number at baseline | 1.10 (1.02–1.19) | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | 1.00 (0.96–1.05) | 1.03 (1.01–1.04) |
| NSAID | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 1.04 (0.96–1.13) | 0.94 (0.82–1.09) | 0.92 (0.66–1.28) | 1.00 (0.90–1.11) |
CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; CI, confidence interval; CRNMB, clinically relevant non-major bleeding; GI, gastrointestinal; MB, major bleeding; NOAC, non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; OAC, oral anticoagulant; OR, odds ratio; SE, systemic embolism; VKA, vitamin K antagonist.
aUpper gastrointestinal tract disorders were defined as gastroesophageal reflux diseases or peptic ulcer disease.
bLower gastrointestinal tract disorder was defined as diverticulosis, angiodysplasia, colorectal polyposis, or haemorrhoids.