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Illustration of hydrogen-buffer-improved bio-oil upgrading. (a) The common structures of lignin, lignin-derived bio-oil, and hydrocarbon products after upgrading. (b) Illustration of the proposed reaction of SiW12 hydrogen buffer, which transfers hydrogen gas into the solution over a Pt/C catalyst for HDO. Reproduced with permission from ref (754). Copyright 2023 Springer Nature Limited.
