Table 21. Co-feeding with Ammonia in the Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Furans to (Hetero)aromaticsa.
| Carbon
yield (%) |
Indoles
distribution (%) |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Entry | Feed | NH3/feed ratio | Catalyst (Si/Al ratio) | WHSV (h–1) | T (°C) | Benzenoid aromatics | Pyridines | Anilines | Indoles | Indole | Methylindoles | Ref |
| 1 | Furan | 8/1 | ZSM-5 (50) | 0.5 | 500 | 0.7 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 20.3 | 73.6 | 24.9 | (290) |
| 2 | Furan | 8/1 | H-ZSM-5 (25–80) | 0.5 | 500 | 0.4–1.4 | 2.0–2.7 | 2.1–4.3 | 22.6–31.7 | 74.2–87.0 | 10.8–24.3 | (290) |
| 3 | Furan | 8/1 | H-ZSM-5 (25) | 0.5 | 450–650 | 0.5–9.1 | 0.5–10.5 | 2.1–3.2 | 12.7–27.2 | 68.7–90.9 | 9.7–31.3 | (290) |
| 4 | Furan | 8/1 | H-ZSM-5 (25) | 0.25–1.0 | 500 | 0.5–1.7 | 2.6–3.0 | 3.5–5.4 | 19.3–35.7 | 72.1–79.5 | 20.5–27.9 | (290) |
| 5 | Furan | 2–12/1 | H-ZSM-5 (25) | 0.5 | 500 | 0.6–0.8 | 1.6–3.1 | 1.9–5.5 | 21.4–32.5 | 72.5–79.8 | 20.1–27.5 | (290) |
| 6 | 2-MF | 8/1 | H-ZSM-5 (25) | 0.5 | 500 | 1.7 | 2.3 | 0.9 | 24.3 | 15.7 | 47.1 | (290) |
| 7 | 2-MF | 8/1 | H-ZSM-5 (25) | 0.5 | 600 | 5.2 | 10.0 | 1.9 | 17.6 | 52.0 | 34.8 | (290) |
| 8 | 2-MF/FF (1/1) | 8/1 | H-ZSM-5 (25) | 0.5 | 500 | 1.4 | 2.4 | 1.0 | 26.4 | 32.5 | 46.6 | (290) |
| 9 | 2-MF/FF (1/1) | 8/1 | H-ZSM-5 (25) | 0.5 | 600 | 2.9 | 6.8 | 1.7 | 22.8 | 58.7 | 19.1 | (290) |
| 10 | FF | 2/1 | ZSM-5 (50) | 1.0 | 650 | 3.6 | 9.8 | 3.1 | 11.0 | 89.6 | 10.4 | (291) |
| 11 | FF | 2/1 | H-ZSM-5 (25) | 1.0 | 500–700 | 1.1–4.7 | 1.1–8.3 | 0.1–3.3 | 3.2–20.8 | 67.0–91.6 | 8.4–33.0 | (291) |
| 12 | FF | 2/1 | H-ZSM-5 (25–80) | 1.0 | 650 | 1.9–4.7 | 4.3–8.3 | 1.8–3.3 | 10.7–20.8 | 87.0–91.6 | 8.4–13.0 | (291) |
| 13 | FF | 2/1 | H-ZSM-5 (25) | 0.50–1.25 | 650 | 2.4–6.7 | 7.9–8.9 | 2.5–3.3 | 10.4–20.8 | 89.3–91.6 | 8.4–10.6 | (291) |
| 14 | FF | 2–15/1 | H-ZSM-5 (25) | 1.0 | 650 | 2.9–4.7 | 7.8–8.3 | 3.3–3.4 | 18.7–20.8 | 90.0–92.9 | 8.4–10.0 | (291) |
| 15 | FF | 25–100%b | H-ZSM-5 (25) | 1.0c | 600 | 3.0–4.5 | 2.7–3.8 | 1.0–1.6 | 9.3–19.4 | 84.0–86.5 | 13.5–16.0 | (292) |
| 16 | FF | 75%b | H-ZSM-5 (25) | 1.0c | 550–650 | 2.2–5.0 | 1.8–3.8 | 0.4–2.4 | 10.2–19.6 | 71.7–88.1 | 11.9–28.3 | (292) |
| 17 | FF | 75%b | H-ZSM-5 (25) | 1.0–2.0c | 600 | 2.0–3.2 | 2.6–3.8 | 1.0–1.5 | 16.6–20.1 | 84.6–86.5 | 13.5–15.4 | (292) |
| 18 | FF | 75%b | H-ZSM-5 (25) | 1.0–2.0d | 600 | 3.2–4.0 | 2.1–3.6 | 1.1–2.5 | 23.1–33.0 | 83.9–87.2 | 12.8–16.1 | (292) |
| 19 | FF | 75%b | H-ZSM-5 (25) | 1.0–2.0e | 600 | 5.5–5.9 | 4.7–6.9 | 1.9–2.3 | 15.6–16.9 | 87.5–89.3 | 10.7–12.5 | (292) |
| 20 | FF | 75%f | H-ZSM-5 (25) | 1.5d | 600 | 2.7–3.7 | 2.4–7.8 | 1.2–2.1 | 18.7–30.3 | 84.3–90.1 | 14.8–17.9 | (292) |
| 21 | FA | 100%b | H-ZSM-5 (25) | 1.5d | 600 | 4.0 | 9.2 | – | 4.3 | 42.3 | 57.7 | (292) |
| 22 | FA | 75%b | H-ZSM-5 (25) | 1.5d | 600 | 5.1 | 12.1 | – | 6.8 | 42.7 | 57.3 | (292) |
| 23 | 5-methylfurfural | 100%b | H-ZSM-5 (25) | 1.5d | 600 | 7.0 | 6.6 | – | 8.6 | 33.2 | 66.8 | (292) |
| 24 | 5-methylfurfural | 75%b | H-ZSM-5 (25) | 1.5d | 600 | 7.1 | 8.1 | – | 11.6 | 41.2 | 58.8 | (292) |
| 25 | HMF | 100%b | H-ZSM-5 (25) | 1.5d | 600 | 3.0 | 0.8 | – | 4.0 | 46.2 | 53.8 | (292) |
| 26 | HMF | 75%b | H-ZSM-5 (25) | 1.5d | 600 | 3.2 | 1.4 | – | 6.9 | 60.4 | 39.6 | (292) |
| 27 | Furan | 100%b | H-ZSM-5 (25) | 1.5d | 600 | 2.2 | 5.1 | 3.2 | 40.5 | 68.9 | 31.1 | (292) |
| 28 | Furan | 75%b | H-ZSM-5 (25) | 1.5d | 600 | 2.7 | 5.4 | 2.3 | 47.0 | 73.0 | 27.0 | (292) |
a
Continuous-flow reactor; products were analyzed by GC-FID.
b
NH3 concentration in N2; diluted NH3 flow rate = 40 mL/min.
c
Residence time = 2.6 s.
d
Residence time = 3.3 s.
e
Residence time = 4.0 s.
f
Diluted NH3 flow rate = 20–80 mL/min.