Table 38. Conversion of Fats and Oils to Aromatic Compounds.

Entry	Fat or oil used	Catalyst used (Si/Al ratio)	Conditions	T (°C)	Yield of benzenoid aromatic compounds (%)	Products	Ref
1	Canola oil	H-ZSM-5	Continuous flow, WHSV = 3.0 h–1, TOS = 1 h	370	37a	Hydrocarbons	(1033)
2	Mustard oil	H-ZSM-5	Continuous flow, WHSV = 3.0 h–1, TOS = 1 h	370	47a	Hydrocarbons	(1033)
3	Tall oil	H-ZSM-5	Continuous flow, WHSV = 3.6 h–1	405	45b	Benzene and alkylated benzenes	(1034)
4	Canola oil	H-ZSM-5	Continuous flow, WHSV = 12.1 h–1	500	23b	BTX	(1035)
5	Palm oil-based fatty acids residue	CMZ20	Continuous flow, WHSV = 2.5 h–1	450	27b	BTX	(1036)
6	Peanut oil soap stock	H-ZSM-5	Continuous flow, WHSV = 5.4 h–1	500	33	BTEX	(1037)
7	Canola oil	H-ZSM-5(50)	Continuous flow, WHSV = 2 h–1	450	31b	BTX and C9 aromatics	(1038)
8	Canola oil methyl ester	H-ZSM-5(50)	Continuous flow, WHSV = 2 h–1	450	35b	BTX and C9 aromatics	(1038)
9	Soybean oil	H-ZSM-5(50)	Catalyst:substrate as 1 g per 5.3 mL, H2 (14 bar), 1 h	430	28c	22% of monoaromatic compounds, 6% of polycyclic aromatics	(1039)
10	Rapeseed oil	Zn/H-ZSM-5	Continuous flow, WHSV = 7.6 h–1, 1 h	550	47b	C6-C13 aromatic hydrocarbons	(1040)
11	Coconut oil	H-ZSM-5	Catalyst:substrate as 1:1 wt; water, 3 h	400	31 ± 7b	Alkylated benzenes	(1029)
12	Peanut oil	H-ZSM-5	Catalyst:substrate as 1:1 wt; water, 3 h	400	52 ± 15b	Alkylated benzenes	(1029)
13	Lard	H-ZSM-5	Catalyst:substrate as 1:1 wt; water, 3 h	400	48 ± 4b	Alkylated benzenes	(1029)
14	Palm fatty acid distillate	5% Zn/ H-ZSM-5	Continuous flow, WHSV = 5 h–1	500	65b	BTEX	(1041)
15	Waste cooking oil	20 wt% 4AH-Z5	CDS Pyroprobe 5200, 20 seconds	600	58b	BTEX and naphthalene	(1042)
16	Rubber seed oil	Alkali treated ZSM-5	Continuous flow, WHSV = 5.48 h–1	550	>99% in the bio-oil phased	BTX, other alkyl benzenes and polyaromatics	(1043)
17	Soybean oil	Si-MCM41	Continuous flow, WHSV = 6.69 h–1	460	25b	Mainly C7-C13 compounds	(1044)

^aUnclear how the yield was measured.

^bAnalysis by GC without use of internal standard.

^cAnalysis by GC using 2-chlorotoluene as an internal standard.

^dYield of the liquid fraction was not reported.