Figure 4.

Cellular uptake of CsgA nanofilaments by APCs and maturation of DCs. Internalization by A,B) DC2.4 dendritic cells and A,C) J774.A1 macrophages analyzed by (A) confocal microscopy and (B,C) flow cytometry. (A–C) Cells were treated with 5 (B,C) and/or 30 µg mL⁻¹ (A–C) for 3 h with eGFP‐R4R5 nanofilaments or eGFP followed by extensive washing. For flow cytometry, trypan blue was added immediately before analysis. D) Flow cytometry analysis of DC2.4 cells following treatment with CsgA‐based assemblies for 16 h. Fold expression is determined relative to the PBS vehicle control. (B‐D) n = 3 to 5 per group, data represent the mean ± S.D., and statistical significance was analyzed with a one‐way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons tests (*P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001).