Table 2.
Baseline demographic characteristics of the male and female participants.
| level | Female | Male | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (median [IQR]) | 20.00 [19.00, 22.00] | 21.00 [20.00, 22.75] | .003*** | |
| Age Group (%) | 18–26 years old | 355 (98.6) | 77 (93.9) | .03*** |
| More than 26 years old | 5 (1.4) | 5 (6.1) | ||
| Region (%) | Central region (Riyadh) | 276 (76.7) | 69 (84.1) | .234 |
| Eastern Region | 29 (8.1) | 2 (2.4) | ||
| Northern region | 7 (1.9) | 1 (1.2) | ||
| Southern region | 6 (1.7) | 3 (3.7) | ||
| Western Region | 42 (11.7) | 7 (8.5) | ||
| Marital status (%) | divorced | 2 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | .103 |
| Married | 5 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Single | 352 (97.8) | 80 (97.6) | ||
| widow | 1 (0.3) | 2 (2.4) | ||
| Education (%) | Not college student | 38 (10.6) | 12 (14.6) | .39 |
| College student | 322 (89.4) | 70 (85.4) | ||
| Do you know what cervical cancer is (%) | No | 117 (32.5) | 31 (37.8) | .43 |
| Yes | 243 (67.5) | 51 (62.2) | ||
| What causes cervical cancer? | ||||
| Smoking (%) | No | 274 (76.1) | 52 (63.4) | .026*** |
| Yes | 86 (23.9) | 30 (36.6) | ||
| Human papilloma virus (%) | No | 55 (15.3) | 21 (25.6) | .038*** |
| Yes | 305 (84.7) | 61 (74.4) | ||
| Oral contraceptives 10%) | No | 259 (71.9) | 56 (68.3) | .6 |
| Yes | 101 (28.1) | 26 (31.7) | ||
| Bad diet (%) | No | 314 (87.2) | 71 (86.6) | 1 |
| Yes | 46 (12.8) | 11 (13.4) | ||
| Alcohol (%) | No | 307 (85.3) | 67 (81.7) | .523 |
| Yes | 53 (14.7) | 15 (18.3) | ||
| Is there a vaccine for cervical cancer (%) | I don’t know | 206 (57.2) | 48 (58.5) | .295 |
| No | 20 (5.6) | 8 (9.8) | ||
| Yes | 134 (37.2) | 26 (31.7) | ||
| Have you heard about Human Papillomavirus HPV (%) | No | 171 (47.5) | 32 (39.0) | .205 |
| Yes | 189 (52.5) | 50 (61.0) | ||
| Have you been vaccinated for HPV (%) | No | 322 (89.4) | 76 (92.7) | .497 |
| Yes | 38 (10.6) | 6 (7.3) | ||
| Who is eligible for taking the HPV vaccine (%) | 27 years old and older | 37 (10.3) | 6 (7.3) | .735 |
| 5 years-9 years old | 10 (2.8) | 3 (3.7) | ||
| 9 years-26 years old | 119 (33.1) | 23 (28.0) | ||
| I don’t know | 180 (50.0) | 47 (57.3) | ||
| Newborns | 14 (3.9) | 3 (3.7) | ||
| What are the different types of HPV that cause cancer (%) | HPV16 and HPV18 | 53 (14.7) | 22 (26.8) | .018*** |
| HPV16 AND HPV31 | 18 (5.0) | 6 (7.3) | ||
| HPV33 and HPV35 | 6 (1.7) | 3 (3.7) | ||
| I don’t know | 283 (78.6) | 51 (62.2) | ||
| Do you know what kinds of HPV vaccines are available (%) | No | 332 (92.2) | 73 (89.0) | .47 |
| Yes | 28 (7.8) | 9 (11.0) | ||
| How can HPV get transmitted (%) | I don’t know | 132 (36.7) | 41 (50.0) | .124 |
| Infectious Animal Disease | 3 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Inhalation (cough/sneeze.etc) | 10 (2.8) | 1 (1.2) | ||
| Sexually | 215 (59.7) | 40 (48.8) | ||
| Do you think that HPV can get transmitted sexually (%) | I don’t know | 78 (21.7) | 23 (28.0) | .122 |
| No | 10 (2.8) | 5 (6.1) | ||
| Yes | 272 (75.6) | 54 (65.9) | ||
| What do you believe will be the primary barrier to receiving the HPV vaccine? | ||||
| Lack of education and awareness (%) | No | 66 (18.3) | 22 (26.8) | .113 |
| Yes | 294 (81.7) | 60 (73.2) | ||
| Fear or embarrassment (%) | No | 289 (80.3) | 62 (75.6) | .428 |
| Yes | 71 (19.7) | 20 (24.4) | ||
| I don t believe in vaccinations (%) | No | 359 (99.7) | 82 (100.0) | 1 |
| Yes | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| All of the above (%) | No | 359 (99.7) | 81 (98.8) | .814 |
| Yes | 1 (0.3) | 1 (1.2) | ||
| Ignorance and shame (%) | No | 359 (99.7) | 82 (100.0) | 1 |
| Yes | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Don’t know (%) | No | 352 (97.8) | 79 (96.3) | .718 |
| Yes | 8 (2.2) | 3 (3.7) | ||
| Busy (%) | No | 358 (99.4) | 82 (100.0) | 1 |
| Yes | 2 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Poverty (%) | No | 360 (100.0) | 81 (98.8) | .418 |
| Yes | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.2) | ||
| If you have t received the HPV vaccine, do you think you will get vaccinated against HPV in the future (%) | I don’t know | 129 (35.8) | 44 (53.7) | <.001*** |
| I have received the vaccine already | 23 (6.4) | 2 (2.4) | ||
| I need my parents’ approval | 33 (9.2) | 2 (2.4) | ||
| No | 26 (7.2) | 16 (19.5) | ||
| Yes | 149 (41.4) | 18 (22.0) | ||
| Have you ever heard of Pap test before (%) | No | 176 (48.9) | 51 (62.2) | .04*** |
| Yes | 184 (51.1) | 31 (37.8) | ||
| When should a woman have her first Pap test in your opinion (%) | 65 years old and older | 4 (1.1) | 1 (1.2) | <.001*** |
| From age 10–19 years old | 54 (15.0) | 20 (24.4) | ||
| From age 20–65 years old | 231 (64.2) | 30 (36.6) | ||
| I don’t know | 71 (19.7) | 31 (37.8) | ||
| How regularly should a woman practice the Pap test in your opinion (%) | Every 1 year | 158 (43.9) | 22 (26.8) | .002*** |
| Every 3 months | 41 (11.4) | 4 (4.9) | ||
| Every 3 years | 73 (20.3) | 24 (29.3) | ||
| I don’t know | 88 (24.4) | 32 (39.0) | ||
| What might discourage you from getting Pap test practice? | ||||
| Fear of discovering disease (%) | No | 280 (77.8) | 76 (92.7) | .003*** |
| Yes | 80 (22.2) | 6 (7.3) | ||
| Time (%) | No | 268 (74.4) | 78 (95.1) | <.001*** |
| Yes | 92 (25.6) | 4 (4.9) | ||
| Lack of knowledge and awareness (%) | No | 117 (32.5) | 64 (78.0) | <.001*** |
| Yes | 243 (67.5) | 18 (22.0) | ||
| Fear of discovering disease (%) | No | 280 (77.8) | 76 (92.7) | .003*** |
| Yes | 80 (22.2) | 6 (7.3) | ||
| Cultural reasons (%) | No | 358 (99.4) | 82 (100.0) | 1 |
| Yes | 2 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| I’m a male (%) | No | 356 (98.9) | 22 (26.8) | <.001*** |
| Yes | 4 (1.1) | 60 (73.2) | ||
| Way of examination (%) | No | 358 (99.4) | 82 (100.0) | 1 |
| Yes | 2 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| I don’t know (%) | No | 355 (98.6) | 80 (97.6) | .844 |
| Yes | 5 (1.4) | 2 (2.4) | ||
| Nothing (%) | No | 356 (98.9) | 82 (100.0) | .754 |
| Yes | 4 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Discourage you from getting Pap test discomfort (%) | No | 359 (99.7) | 82 (100.0) | 1 |
| Yes | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Do Pap tests need to be performed on women who have received the HPV vaccine in your opinion (%) | I don’t know | 132 (36.7) | 31 (37.8) | .173 |
| No | 37 (10.3) | 14 (17.1) | ||
| Yes | 191 (53.1) | 37 (45.1) | ||
| Clinical signs of cervical cancer include? | ||||
| Pelvic pain (%) | No | 117 (32.5) | 28 (34.1) | .876 |
| Yes | 243 (67.5) | 54 (65.9) | ||
| Bleeding (%) | No | 131 (36.4) | 38 (46.3) | .122 |
| Yes | 229 (63.6) | 44 (53.7) | ||
| Vaginal discharge (%) | No | 147 (40.8) | 28 (34.1) | .321 |
| Yes | 213 (59.2) | 54 (65.9) | ||
| Back pain (%) | No | 268 (74.4) | 61 (74.4) | 1 |
| Yes | 92 (25.6) | 21 (25.6) | ||
| Weight loss (%) | No | 254 (70.6) | 44 (53.7) | .005 |
| Yes | 106 (29.4) | 38 (46.3) | ||
| Dyspareunia (%) | No | 360 (100.0) | 81 (98.8) | .418 |
| Yes | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.2) | ||
| Risk factors of cervical cancer? | ||||
| Smoking (%) | No | 267 (74.2) | 51 (62.2) | .041 |
| Yes | 93 (25.8) | 31 (37.8) | ||
| Oral contraceptives (%) | No | 227 (63.1) | 53 (64.6) | .888 |
| Yes | 133 (36.9) | 29 (35.4) | ||
| Age (%) | No | 263 (73.1) | 56 (68.3) | .464 |
| Yes | 97 (26.9) | 26 (31.7) | ||
| Family history (%) | No | 144 (40.0) | 35 (42.7) | .747 |
| Yes | 216 (60.0) | 47 (57.3) | ||
| Bad diet (%) | No | 302 (83.9) | 65 (79.3) | .399 |
| Yes | 58 (16.1) | 17 (20.7) | ||
| Multiple sexual partners (%) | No | 92 (25.6) | 22 (26.8) | .922 |
| Yes | 268 (74.4) | 60 (73.2) | ||
| Risk factors of cervical cancer I don t know (%) | No | 347 (96.4) | 80 (97.6) | .848 |
| Yes | 13 (3.6) | 2 (2.4) | ||
| What are your sources of information and understanding regarding HPV vaccination (%) | Family and friends | 23 (6.4) | 6 (7.3) | .011*** |
| Friends | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.2) | ||
| I don’t know | 122 (33.9) | 31 (37.8) | ||
| Medical experts, studies | 87 (24.2) | 27 (32.9) | ||
| School | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Social media | 127 (35.3) | 16 (19.5) | ||
| web sites | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.2) | ||
The p-values which have “***” after them are the significant p-values.