Table 3.
Natural adaptations potentiating hypothermic preservation of cardiac samples
| Class | Molecule | Reported biological function | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Metabolic inhibitors | Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) | Inhibits inflammation and halts apoptosis (inactivation of NF‐κB) | [ 30 ] |
| Activates antioxidants (SOD, CAT, and GSH) | [ 100 ] | ||
| Mitochondria respiration inhibitors | Rotenone | Irreversible inhibitor of complex I; lowers ROS levels | [ 101 ] |
| Amobarbital | Reversible inhibitor of complex I; controls mitochondrial damage | [ 102 ] | |
| Metformin | Inhibitor of complex I; increase mitochondrial calcium retention | [ 103 ] | |
| Stress tolerance enhancers | Y‐27632 | Inhibitor of the pro‐apoptotic protein Rho‐associated kinase (ROCK) | [ 54 ] |
| Exendin‐4 | Inhibits apoptosis and oxidative stress | [ 104 ] | |
| Stress survival pathway stimulators | Erythropoietin (EPO) | Increases phosphorylation of STAT3; activates SAFE pathway | [ 105 ] |
| Glyceryl trinitrate | Activates SAFE pathway | [ 105 ] | |
| Zoniporide | Activates SAFE pathway | [ 105 ] | |
| Human recombinant neuregulin‐1 peptide (rhNRG‐1) | Activates RISK and SAFE pathways | [ 106 ] | |
| Sugars | Fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphate (FBP) | Glycolytic substrate | [ 107 ] |
| Calcium chelator | [ 107 ] | ||
| Activates phosphofructokinase‐1 | [ 108 ] | ||
| Upregulates pentose phosphate pathway | [ 109 ] | ||
| Hormones | Dopamine | Lowers lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and increases ATP regeneration | [ 110 ] |
| N‐octanoyl dopamine (NOD) | Lowers lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and increases ATP regeneration | [ 110 ] |