Table 2.
Absolute intakes and relative contributions of food to total diet and to each NOVA group
| NOVA groups | Food groups | g/d | % in total diet | % within the food group | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | ||
| 1 | Water | 382.23 | 531.38 | 11.81 | 14.65 | 19.3 |
| Fruit | 232.79 | 176.68 | 9.68 | 7.68 | 11.8 | |
| Milk and plain yoghurt | 234.29 | 205.38 | 9.22 | 7.63 | 11.8 | |
| Cereal, grains and flour made from these foods | 40.89 | 50.14 | 1.67 | 1.95 | 2.1 | |
| Potatoes | 75.8 | 58.63 | 3.15 | 2.65 | 3.8 | |
| Fresh pasta | 34.52 | 40.19 | 1.57 | 2.15 | 1.7 | |
| Beans, lentils and chickpeas | 18.47 | 24.06 | 0.79 | 1.14 | 0.9 | |
| Vegetables | 186.24 | 117.89 | 7.54 | 4.74 | 9.4 | |
| Nuts and Seeds | 2.28 | 5.22 | 0.09 | 0.21 | 0.1 | |
| Eggs | 17.55 | 16.37 | 0.72 | 0.66 | 0.9 | |
| Poultry | 17.3 | 17.63 | 0.75 | 0.86 | 0.9 | |
| Red meat | 41.65 | 34.35 | 1.7 | 1.44 | 2.1 | |
| Fish | 23.56 | 27.11 | 1.07 | 1.47 | 1.2 | |
| Seafood | 3.01 | 5.56 | 0.14 | 0.26 | 0.2 | |
| Fungi | 5.93 | 8.81 | 0.22 | 0.32 | 0.3 | |
| Coffee/tea | 606.68 | 462.33 | 21.97 | 13.6 | 30.6 | |
| Fruit juice fresh and smoothies | 10.58 | 25.65 | 0.4 | 1.02 | 0.5 | |
| Fruit juice UHT or pasteurised | 42.78 | 70.3 | 1.66 | 2.75 | 2.2 | |
| Homemade broth | 3.31 | 7.93 | 0.11 | 0.28 | 0.2 | |
| 2 | Table sugar | 7.8 | 11.62 | 0.33 | 0.51 | 28.9 |
| Plant oil | 9.97 | 11.95 | 0.46 | 0.62 | 36.9 | |
| Animal fats | 7.52 | 9.76 | 0.3 | 0.39 | 27.9 | |
| Other processed culinary ingredients | 1.3 | 2.71 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 4.8 | |
| Table salt | 0.4 | 0.65 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 1.5 | |
| 3 | Cheese | 37.35 | 33.57 | 1.54 | 1.45 | 13.4 |
| Salted, smoked or canned meat, without additives | 5.83 | 12.64 | 0.28 | 0.7 | 2.1 | |
| Salted, smoked or canned fish | 6.66 | 9.69 | 0.28 | 0.42 | 2.4 | |
| Processed bread | 72.83 | 80.59 | 3.14 | 3.76 | 26.2 | |
| Vegetables and other plant foods preserved | 16.49 | 26.1 | 0.69 | 1.2 | 5.9 | |
| Legumes preserved | 4.41 | 11.32 | 0.19 | 0.56 | 1.6 | |
| Fruit preserved | 17.8 | 25.28 | 0.68 | 0.94 | 6.4 | |
| Nuts salted and nut spreads | 1.57 | 4.28 | 0.06 | 0.18 | 0.6 | |
| Beer and Wine | 96.93 | 150.13 | 3.68 | 5.31 | 34.9 | |
| Condensed milk, yogurt plain sweetened | 6.15 | 17.53 | 0.24 | 0.66 | 2.2 | |
| Bread crumbs | 0.21 | 0.59 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.1 | |
| Meringue, non ultra-processed bakeries | 8.74 | 17.42 | 0.37 | 0.7 | 3.1 | |
| Cheese | 3.06 | 6.1 | 0.14 | 0.3 | 1.1 | |
| 4 | Ultra-processed breads | 40.57 | 62.77 | 1.72 | 2.95 | 12.1 |
| Pastries, buns, and cakes | 21.09 | 26.95 | 0.87 | 1.2 | 6.3 | |
| Biscuits | 14.48 | 18.15 | 0.63 | 0.89 | 4.3 | |
| Breakfast cereals | 4.62 | 9.76 | 0.17 | 0.37 | 1.4 | |
| Ice cream, ice pops and frozen yogurts | 7.11 | 11.53 | 0.31 | 0.56 | 2.1 | |
| Industrial desserts | 1.26 | 8.96 | 0.05 | 0.33 | 0.4 | |
| Packaged salty snacks | 1.75 | 5.14 | 0.07 | 0.21 | 0.5 | |
| Potato products | 6.95 | 15.08 | 0.26 | 0.58 | 2.1 | |
| Pizza and focaccia | 6.55 | 10.41 | 0.29 | 0.52 | 1.9 | |
| Filled Pasta (industrial pasta) | 3.09 | 7.96 | 0.14 | 0.4 | 0.9 | |
| Instant and canned soups | 9 | 19.67 | 0.35 | 0.78 | 2.7 | |
| Dairy substitute products | 3.2 | 32.73 | 0.13 | 1.31 | 1 | |
| Processed cheese | 3.05 | 6.68 | 0.14 | 0.31 | 0.9 | |
| Sauces, dressing and gravies | 9.39 | 12.12 | 0.34 | 0.43 | 2.8 | |
| Vegetable spread and products | 0.19 | 1.18 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.1 | |
| Soft drinks | 43.32 | 109.71 | 1.8 | 4.35 | 12.9 | |
| Dairy desserts and drinks | 46.27 | 69.3 | 1.77 | 2.5 | 13.8 | |
| Sweetened beverages | 37.88 | 113.82 | 1.31 | 3.53 | 11.3 | |
| Beverages (dry weight) (ex. Coffee powder, chocolate powder and milk powder) | 0.86 | 3.71 | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.3 | |
| Alcoholic distilled drinks | 7.5 | 20.23 | 0.27 | 0.71 | 2.2 | |
| Artificial sweeteners | 0.48 | 2.55 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.1 | |
| Sweet snacks | 11.32 | 18.44 | 0.43 | 0.7 | 3.4 | |
| Processed meat | 31.76 | 29.04 | 1.38 | 1.47 | 9.4 | |
| Meat alternatives | 0.85 | 3.93 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.3 | |
| Nutrition powders and drinks | 0.01 | 0.47 | 0 | 0.02 | 0 | |
| Margarine | 10.6 | 13.64 | 0.43 | 0.59 | 3.2 | |
| Ready meals | 5.12 | 10.77 | 0.17 | 0.36 | 1.5 | |
| Alcohol-free versions of alcoholic beverages | 1.62 | 19.3 | 0.06 | 0.7 | 0.5 | |
| Ultra-processed vegetables and legumes | 3.31 | 12.18 | 0.12 | 0.45 | 1.0 | |
| Rice-based dishes | 0 | 0.13 | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | |
NOVA 1 Unprocessed/minimally processed foods, NOVA 2 Processed culinary ingredients, NOVA 3 Processed foods, NOVA 4 Ultra-processed foods