. 2024 Oct 9;6(1):89. doi: 10.1186/s43014-024-00264-2

Table 4.

Associations between NOVA groups (in g/d) and breast cancer risk with further adjustment for alcohol consumption

Breast cancer subtypes	N Cases	NOVA 1		NOVA 2		NOVA 3		NOVA 4
Breast cancer subtypes	N Cases	HR per 1 SD (95%CI)^a	P_homogeneity	HR per 1 SD (95%CI)^a	P_homogeneity	HR per 1 SD (95%CI)^a	P_homogeneity	HR per 1 SD (95%CI)^a	P_homogeneity
Overall	14,933	0.99 (0.97-1.01)		1.01 (0.99-1.03)		1.01 (0.98-1.03)		1.00 (0.98-1.03)
In situ	1603	0.98 (0.91-1.04)	0.61	1.00 (0.94-1.07)	0.84	0.98 (0.90-1.07)	0.51	1.01 (0.95-1.08)	0.89
Invasive	13,320	0.99 (0.97-1.02)		1.01 (0.99-1.03)		1.01 (0.98-1.04)		1.01 (0.99-1.03)
Invasive ER+	7789	0.99 (0.96-1.02)	0.58	1.00 (0.97-1.04)	0.33	1.00 (0.97-1.04)	0.50	1.00 (0.98-1.03)	0.11
Invasive ER-	1736	1.01 (0.95-1.08)		1.04 (0.98-1.11)		1.03 (0.96-1.12)		1.06 (1.00-1.11)
Invasive PR+	5268	1.00 (0.96-1.04)	0.51	1.01 (0.98-1.05)	0.30	1.00 (0.95-1.06)	0.30	0.99 (0.95-1.03)	0.15
Invasive PR-	2726	0.98 (0.93 -1.03)		0.98 (0.94-1.03)		1.04 (0.98-1.11)		1.03 (0.98-1.09)
Invasive HER2+	901	0.99 (0.91-1.08)	0.91	1.00 (0.92-1.08)	0.56	1.07 (0.96-1.19)	0.29	1.04 (0.97-1.12)	0.44
Invasive HER2-	3676	1.00 (0.95-1.04)		1.02 (0.98-1.07)		1.00 (0.95-1.05)		1.01 (0.97-1.05)

CI Confidence Interval, ER Estrogen Receptor, HER2 Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, HR Hazard ratio, NOVA 1 Unprocessed/minimally processed foods, NOVA 2 Processed culinary ingredients, NOVA 3 Processed foods, NOVA 4 Ultra-processed foods; PR, progesterone receptor, SD Standard deviation

^aModels were stratified by age and center and adjusted for education, height, physical activity, age at menarche, oral contraceptive use, age at first full-term pregnancy, parity, breastfeeding, menopausal status, menopausal hormone therapy use and alcohol consumption. Each NOVA group was mutually adjusted for the other NOVA groups