Table 1.

Characteristics of studies under review (N=22).

Author Year; Country; Sample Size (N)	Participant Characteristics (Mean Age; Gender/sex; Race/Ethnicity; and Any Special Characteristic); Setting	Culturally Adapted Intervention	Fidelity; Interventionist and Interventionist Training	Control Condition	Outcomes of Interest (measures); Summary of Results*
Allen et al. 2011; Russia; N=441	Mean age not reported; 0% women/females; Working age men with “hazardous and harmful drinking” in Russia; Clinic or home	Standard care (SC) + Motivational interviewing (MI) culturally adapted for Russian context: 2 initial sessions were 2 weeks apart with 2 additional sessions available upon request; Delivered in a one-on-one format	Fidelity monitored through regular supervision, which involved discussions of session audio-recordings; It was reported that MI was likely not consistently delivered to international standards; Interventionists were a psychiatrist and a psychologist who received a 3-day initial training and some further training	Inactive; SC A health check and the general health promotion feedback in the form of a letter	Past month hazardous drinking (self-report, measure NR); No significant differences were detected between the randomized groups in either the primary or the secondary outcomes at three months in the intention to treat analyses.
Carroll et al. 2009; US; N=436	32.5 yo; 11.6% women/females; Latinx Americans with substance use problems; 1.7% South American; 10.6% Central American; 49.4% Mexican; 16% American; 7.2% Cuban; 14.1% Puerto Rican; 1.0% Other Caribbean; Outpatient substance abuse treatment programs	Motivational enhancement therapy (MET) in English adapted into a Spanish-language protocol: delivered in a one-on-one format; 3 sessions over 4 weeks (.75 sessions/week)	Fidelity was monitored using audiotapes, supervision, and third-party rater systems and show high levels of adherence; Interventionists were community clinicians with 16 initial hours of training and some further practice sessions	Active; TAU: three sessions of counseling as usual delivered in Spanish; equally adapted compared to the CAI condition (both translation only).	% days abstinent from primary substance used (a self-report measure of substance use derived from the time line follow-back [TLFB] method); % positive urine specimens (urine test); Results suggest that the individual treatments delivered in Spanish were both attractive to and effective with this heterogeneous group of Hispanic adults, but the differential effectiveness of MET may be limited to those whose primary substance use problem is alcohol and may be fairly modest in magnitude.
Chaudhury et al. 2016; Rwanda; N=293	41.0 yo; 48.8% women/females; HIV-affected families in Rwanda (no substance use related inclusion criteria reported; 16% of participants reported harmful drinking at baseline); home	SC+Family Strengthening Intervention for HIV affected families culturally adapted for use in Rwanda: Delivered in group and individual format; 11 sessions over 24 weeks; Delivered in Kinyarwanda language	Fidelity not reported; Interventionists were bachelor-level counselors (training not reported)	Inactive; SC: social work support services provided through the HIV clinic.	Problematic alcohol use (Adapted Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test [AUDIT]); Reductions in alcohol use and intimate partner violence among caregivers are supported by qualitative reports of improved family functioning, lower levels of violence and problem drinking as well as improved child mental health, among the intervention group. This mixed methods analysis supports the potential of family-based interventions to reduce adverse caregiver behaviors as a major mechanism for improving child well-being.
Chawarski et al. 2011; China; N=37	36.7 yo; 19.0% women/females; Individuals eligible for methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) in Wuhan, China; Two MMT clinics in Wuhan, China	TAU+Methadone Maintenance Treatment and Behavioral drug and HIV risk reduction counseling (MMT+BDRC) culturally adapted for Chinese context: Delivered one-on-one; 13 sessions over 13 weeks (1 session/week); Delivered in Mandarin; Not technology-based	Fidelity of counselors’ adherence to the manual was monitored via regular group supervision sessions involving the study team in China, as well as via conference calls and occasional visits by the author of the BDRC manual (MCC); Four nurse counselors completed training in BDRC (consisting of several didactic workshops, case conferences and treating two closely supervised BDRC practice cases).	Inactive; TAU: MMT	Proportion of opiate positive urine tests (urine test); Participants in MMT+BDRC achieved both greater reductions of HIV risk behaviors and of illicit opiate use.
Cherpitel et al. 2010; Poland; N=299	Age not reported; 14.7% women/females; “At-risk and dependent drinkers” in an emergency department in Sosnowiec, Poland	Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) culturally adapted for use in Poland: Delivered in one-on-one format; one session in total; Delivered in Polish	Fidelity monitored through audiotapes, researcher observations, and interviews of participants; Nurses’ training covered a 2-day period and included practice interventions in the emergency department, in the presence of one of the trainers; Booster training sessions were provided by study staff as needed	Active; TAU: assessment + a list of AA groups and specialized services for alcohol treatment and counseling following assessment; Likely delivered in Polish; seems to be translation only and therefore less adapted than the CAI condition.	At-risk drinking % (measure NR, possibly TLFB); No. drinking days per week (TLFB); No. drinks per drinking day (TLFB); No. maximum drinks on an occasion, last month (TLFB); No. negative consequences (Short Inventory of Problems); At 3-month follow-up, both groups showed significant decreases in drinking outcomes. No significant group difference was found.
Field & Caetano, 2010; US; N=537	29.0 yo; 11.5% women/females; Hispanic patients who were screened for an alcohol-related injury or alcohol problems at an urban Level I trauma center	TAU+Brief Motivational Interviewing culturally adapted for Hispanic population through ethnic matching: Delivered in one-on-one format; 1 session in total; Delivered in Spanish	Ten percent of interventions were randomly selected to be audiotaped which showed high levels of adherence; Community clinicians were master’s level or degreed and were certified in brief intervention following the successful completion of 3 days of training in Motivational Interviewing and 2 days of training regarding the application of Motivational Interviewing principles in the trauma care setting.	Inactive; TAU: patient handouts.	Volume per week (calculated by multiplying usual quantity of drinks per occasion by frequency of drinking); Frequency of 5 or more per occasion (“During the past 12 months, how often did you have 5 or more drinks of any kind of alcoholic beverage at one time (i.e., any combination of cans of beer, glasses of wine, or drinks containing liquor of any kind)?”); Maximum amount consumed (“Now think of all kinds of alcoholic beverages combined, that is, any combination of beer, wine, or liquor. During the past 12 months, what was the largest number of drinks that you had in a single day?”); For Hispanics who received brief motivational intervention, an ethnic match between patient and provider resulted in a significant reduction in drinking outcomes at 12-month follow-up; In addition, there was a tendency for ethnic match to be most beneficial to foreign-born Hispanics and less acculturated Hispanics.
Harder et al. 2020; Kenya; N=300	38.0 yo; 22.0% women/females; Kenyans with alcohol use problems (based on a translated three-question version of AUDIT); This study site was a tier 2 facility (primary care health center) in a county in Eastern Province, 100 kilometers East of Nairobi, Kenya.	Mobile Motivational Interviewing (MI) culturally adapted for use in Kenya: Delivered one-on-one; 1 session in total; Delivered in Kiswahili (the national language) and Kikamba (the local language); Used technology (mobile phones)	Adapted versions of the MI Interview Rating Worksheet and MI Competency and Adherence Feedback scale by Martino and colleagues [72] were used by clinicians to evaluate recordings of each other’s practical sessions during peer-to-peer sessions; The three clinicians who delivered MI had a Master’s degree in nursing, doctoral degree in clinical psychology or a medical degree, and were fluent in all three languages. They were trained over a 6-month period on how to deliver MI.	Inactive; Waitlist control	AUDIT-Consumption; The average AUDIT-C scores were nearly three points higher (difference = 2.88, 95% confidence interval = 2.11, 3.66) for waiting-list controls after 1 month of no intervention versus mobile MI 1 month after intervention. Results for secondary outcomes (difference in alcohol score for in-person MI versus mobile MI one and 6 months after MI) supported the null hypothesis of no difference between in-person and mobile MI at 1 month (Bayes factor = 0.22), but were inconclusive at 6 months (Bayes factor = 0.41).
Hser et al. 2011; China; N=319	38.0 yo; 23.8% women/females; Chinese people who were consecutively admitted to one of five participating methadone maintenance clinics (MMT); Five participating MMT clinics (3 in Shanghai, 2 in Kunming)	TAU+ Contingency management intervention culturally adapted for use in China: Delivered one-on-one; 12 sessions over 12 weeks (1 session/week); Delivered in Mandarin; Not-technology based	Procedures were intended to prevent potential tampering and ensure the proper number, probability distribution, and amount; The intervention was delivered by the clinical staff (methadone prescribers or nurses) who were trained by the senior investigators before trial implementation	Inactive; TAU: Methadone Maintenance Treatment included a physical exam, weekly urine testing for opiates, and daily methadone ingestion under supervision (after initial dosage adjustment and stabilization; No counseling sessions were offered, except that in Shanghai social workers maintained contact with patients outside MMT	Longest duration of sustained abstinence in opiate use (urine test); Total number of opiate negative samples submitted (urine test); Percentage of negative samples among total samples, % (urine test); Percentage of negative samples among submitted samples, % (urine test); Opiate use in past 30 days (Addiction Severity Index [ASI]); Relative to the treatment-as-usual (control) group, better retention was observed among the Incentives group in Kunming (44% vs. 75%), but no difference was found in Shanghai (90% vs. 86%); Submission of negative urine samples was more common among the Incentive group than the usual care (74% vs. 68% in Shanghai, 27% vs. 18% in Kunming), as was the longest duration of sustained abstinence (7.7 wks vs. 6.5 in Shanghai, 2.5 vs. 1.6 in Kunming).
Kirtadze et al. 2018; Republic of Georgia; N=128	41.2 yo; 100% women/females; 89.1% Georgian; 3.9% Russian; 0.8% Armenian; All women had injected illicit substances in the past 30 days; The research site rented for this trial was located in the central residential district of the capital city Tbilisi	Reinforcement-Based Treatment and the Women’s CoOp (RBT+WC) culturally adapted for Georgian women/females; Delivered one-on-one; 12 sessions over 6 weeks (2 sessions/week); Delivered in Georgian; Not technology-based	Fidelity not reported; The research team consisted of young women/females —project director, research assistant, three consultants, and two recreational teachers—that were trained in advance by the US research team.	Active; TAU: information booklets provided with case management only for 12 sessions giving service referrals for injection-drug-using women/females. Likely delivered in Georgian; seems to be translation only and therefore less adapted than the CAI condition.	Opioids (urine test); Benzodiazepines (urine test); Amphetamines (urine test); Cannabis(urine test); alcohol use (breathalyzer test); The findings showed that RBT+WC was not more effective than UC, although both treatments positively impacted opioid, benzodiazepine, and amphetamine/ methamphetamine use.
Lee et al. 2013; US; N=58	34.91 yo; 44.0% women/females; Latinx people with hazardous drinking tendencies; Community-based recruitment methods included advertising on Spanish-radio talk show, presenting the study at local churches and in English as a Second Language classes using “word-of-mouth” techniques, in Providence, RI	Culturally adapted motivational interviewing (CAMI) for Latinx heavy drinkers: Delivered one-on-one; 1 session in total; Delivered in English; Not technology-based	Adherence to each treatment protocol was achieved by reviewing session audiotapes during ongoing supervision and by using checklists of required MI intervention components. There was a checklist for both conditions (MI and CAMI); Interventionists were all graduate or postgraduate clinical psychology students trained for 16 hours on the description of the social contextual model of cultural adaptation, review of how each MI component was adapted, culturally relevant content, process issues in delivering the CAMI, and role plays.	Active; TAU: Motivational Interviewing (MI); delivered in English; fully non-adapted.	Drinking consequence (Drinkers Inventory of Consequences [DrInC]); Drinc_Impulse; Significant declines across both were found in heavy drinking days/month and drinking consequences (p < .001), with greater reductions for drinking consequences for CAMI at 2 months (p = .009) and continuing reductions in CAMI at 6 months.
Lee et al. 2019; US; N=296	41.1 yo; 37.5% women/females; Heavy drinking Latinx people; Race: .7% Asian; 13.9% Black; White: 21.3%; 2% American Indian/Alaskan Native; 1.7% Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander; 60.5% More than one race; Ethnicity: 45.3% Puerto Rican; 15.2% Dominican; 9.8% Central American; 17.9% South American; 1.4% Mexican; 2.0% Cuban; 0.7% Spanish; 7.7% More than one ethnicity.	Culturally adapted motivational interviewing (CAMI) for Latinx heavy drinkers: Delivered one-on-one; 1 session in total; Delivered in English/Spanish based on participant’s preference; Not technology-based	Audiotapes were reviewed during supervision sessions by the PI and the study therapist and 66% of all sessions were coded using the MITI; 11 study therapists were Master’s level graduate students (social work, psychology) who received 16 hr of training in MI (including role plays and demonstration of MI principles), and an additional 16 hr learning the two treatments.	Active; TAU: Motivational Interviewing (MI); Delivered in English/Spanish based on participant’s preference; seems to be translation only and therefore less adapted than the CAI condition.	% heavy drinking days (TLFB); Drinking consequence (DrInC);; Both conditions showed significant reductions in percent heavy drinking days and frequency of alcohol-related consequences through 12-month follow-up when compared with baseline; reductions were not significantly different by condition. Acculturation moderated treatment condition effect on alcohol-related problems at 3 months (d .22, 95% CI [.02, .41]); less acculturated individuals experienced less frequent consequences of drinking after CAMI than MI (d .34, 95% CI [.60, .08]). Discrimination moderated condition effect on frequency of alcohol-related consequences at 3 months (d .17, 95% CI [.33, .01]); individuals with higher levels of baseline discrimination had less frequent consequences after CAMI than MI (d .20, 95% CI [.39, .01]).
Li et al. 2013; China; N=179 (clients) N=41 (providers)	37.41 yo; 34.66% women/females; Service providers and clients in methadone maintenance treatment clinics in China; Six methadone maintenance therapy clinics (MMT) in Sichuan, China	SC+Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) care culturally adoptee for Chinese context: Delivered in groups to providers and delivered one-on-one to clients; For providers 3 sessions over 3 weeks (1 session/week) and for clients 2 sessions in total; Delivered in Mandarin; Not technology-based	Clients were given a journal to document their experience, including date, time, and what they liked or disliked about the contents and formats of each session; Researchers conducted brief interviews to seek clients’ opinions about the sessions and areas to be improved; Service providers recruited from the intervention clinics received three group sessions in three consecutive weeks; Each session was about 90 minutes in length and conducted with a group of 5–7 providers at each clinic	Inactive; SC: MMT	Heroin use (urine test); Significant intervention effects for providers were found in improved MMT knowledge, provider-client interaction and perceived clinic support. For clients, better improvements in drug avoidance self-efficacy and reduced concurrent drug use were observed for the intervention compared with the standard care group
Liu et al. 2011; Taiwan; N=616	41.4 yo; 0% women/females; Taiwanese men with “unhealthy alcohol use” admitted to medical or surgical wards in a medical center in Taipei; Interventions took place either in an interview room or at the bedside in a medical ward in Taipei and second session could take place either during or after hospitalization	SC+Brief Intervention (BI) culturally adapted for use in Taiwan: Delivered one-on-one; 2 sessions over 1 week (2 sessions/week); Delivered in Mandarin; Not technology-based	Researchers provided weekly supervision to prevent drift; Interventionists completed a checklist at the end of each session, recording components of the intervention delivered; The interventionists were social workers who received 5 days of skills-based training in administering the intervention, using role-playing and general skills training techniques	Inactive; SC: medical care	Drinks in the previous 3 months (TLFB); Drinking days in the previous 3 months (TLFB); Days of heavy drinking (>5 drinks) episodes in the previous 3 months (TLFB); alcohol problems in the previous 3 months (Quick Drinking Screen [QDS]); no. days hospitalized in the previous 3 months (QDS); accident and emergency visits in the previous 3 months (QDS); Based on intention-to-treat analyses, the intervention group consumed significantly less alcohol than the control group among both unhealthy drinkers and the subgroup of alcohol-dependent participants over 12 months, on both 7-day and 3-month assessments. Adjunctive analyses of only those who completed all assessments found that total drinks consumed did not remain significant.
Moore et al. 2016; US; N=29	42.7 yo; 0% women/females; Heavy drinking men/male Latino day laborers; 7% American; 69% Mexican; 21% Central American; 3% South American; Between October and December 2012, 66 participants were contacted by distributing flyers at public places where day laborers look for work	Motivational enhancement therapy (MET) and strengths-based case management (SBCM) culturally adapted for Latinx men: Delivered one-on-one; 3 sessions over anywhere from 3 to 6 weeks (.5–1 session/week); Delivered in Spanish; Not technology-based	Fidelity for the RCT was not measured; Interventionists were volunteer promotors, all primarily Spanish-speaking Latina immigrants with a range of 3–8 years of experience as health promoters; Trained for 16 hours by bilingual psychologists and received further training via biweekly supervision	Active; TAU: feedback about alcohol use administered once by a trained, Spanish speaking research assistant immediately after the baseline assessment; seems to be translation only and therefore less adapted than the CAI condition.	Number of drinks consumed per week (AUDIT); Alcohol problems (AUDIT); Harmful drinking (AUDIT); Binge drinking (AUDIT); Alcohol related measures improved in both groups over time with no statistically significant differences observed at any of the time points. However the comparative effect size of MET/SBCM on weekly drinking was in the large range at 6-weeks and in the moderate range at 12-weeks. Post hoc analyses identified a statistically significant reduction in number of drinks over time for participants in the intervention group but not for control group participants. Despite the extreme vulnerability of the population, most participants completed all sessions of MET/SBCM and reported high satisfaction with the intervention
Ornelas et al. 2019; US; N=121	47.8 yo; 0% women/females; Heavy drinking men/male Latino laborers; 65.3% Mexican; 26.5% Central American; 8.3% Other; Men waiting for work opportunities at a day labor worker center in Seattle, Washington were approached and screened for eligibility by promotors	The Vida PURA (Puede Usted Reducir su consumo de Alcohol) [Pure Life (You can reduce your alcohol use)] based on screening and brief intervention theory and culturally adapted for Latinx context: Delivered one-on-one; 1 session in total; Delivered in Spanish; Not technology-based	Ongoing supervision and evaluation of intervention fidelity using the Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity Tool (MITI); Interventionists were Spanish-speaking promotors; Several days of training included Training included an overview of alcohol-related disorders and disease, basic information about alcohol use, including what is considered a “standard drink,” AUDIT risk levels, and National Institute for Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) guidelines for unhealthy alcohol use	Active; SC: information about local agencies providing substance use education, counseling, medical care, and referrals to in-patient treatment; Likely delivered in Spanish; seems to be translation only and therefore less adapted than the CAI condition.	Total AUDIT; Drinks per drinking day (TLFB); Drinking days in 14 days (TLFB); Heavy episodic drinking (TLFB); Both the intervention and control groups reduced their alcohol-related behaviors over time, but there were no significant differences between the groups.
Papas et al. 2011; Kenya; N=75	37.07 yo; ~50% women/females (There were six gender-stratified cohorts, half of them were women/females); Kiswahili-speaking HIV-infected outpatients with hazardous or binge drinking); A large HIV outpatient clinic in Eldoret, Kenya	Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) culturally adapted for Kenyan context: Delivered in groups; 6 sessions over 6 weeks (1 session/week); Delivered in Kiswahili; Not technology-based	All CBT group sessions were videotaped and monitored weekly by RP, with translational support provided as needed. Fifty percent of sessions with men/males and women/females, respectively (n=18 sessions), were randomly selected, translated into English, with random back translational verification, and rated by two highly experienced YACS [Yale Adherence and Competence Scale] raters from the Yale Psychotherapy Development Center; The two counselors (one man/male, one women/females, one HIV-infected) possessed high school and psychological counseling diplomas, and received 175 and 300 hours, respectively, of total training/supervision time prior to the trial	Active; SC (routine primary medical care in the AMPATH clinic [which provides HIV care]; likely delivered in Kiswahili. seems to be translation only and therefore less adapted than the CAI condition.	Percent drinking days (adapted TLFB); Drinks per drinking day (adapted TLFB); Effect sizes of the change in alcohol use since baseline between the two conditions at the 30-day follow-up were large (d=.95, p=.0002, mean difference=24.93 (95% CI: 12.43, 37.43) percent drinking days; d=.76, p=.002, mean difference=2.88 (95% CI: 1.05, 4.70) DDD). Randomized participants attended 93% of the 6 CBT sessions offered. Reported alcohol abstinence at the 90-day follow-up was 69.4% (CBT) and 37.5% (usual care).
Paris et al. 2018; US; N=92	42.9 yo; 32.6% women/females; Spanish speakers with cocaine, marijuana, opioid, alcohol, or other stimulant abuse or dependence based on DSM-IV; 71.7% Puerto Rican; 4.3% American; 2.2% South American; 8.7% Mexican; 9.8% Central American; 3.3% Other; Recruited participants from individuals seeking treatment at 1 of 3 settings offering outpatient services to Latinos in the New Haven, Connecticut, area	CBT4CBT+TAU culturally adapted for for Spanish-speaking individuals: Delivered one-on-one and in groups; 7 sessions over 8 weeks (.875 sessions/week); Delivered in Spanish; Uses technology (web-based)	Fidelity not reported; Intervention was counseling and web-based	Inactive; TAU: standard care at each of the clinics, which typically consisted of supportive counseling delivered via weekly group or individual sessions, with access to other services as needed; For all conditions, researchers monitored receipt of medical, legal, psychological, and social support services both within and out- side the program at each assessment visit.	% days abstinent from primary drug during treatment (Substance Use Calendar); % urine specimens negative for all drugs; % positive breathalyzer tests; For the primary outcome (change in frequency of primary substance used), there was a significantly greater reductions for those assigned to Web CBT, which were durable through the 6-month follow-up. The knowledge test indicated significantly greater increases for those assigned to Web CBT.
Pearson et al. 2019; US; N=73	Age not reported; 100% women/females; Native American women/females with heavy drinking/illicit drug use and signs of PTSD; Two rural Pacific Northwest behavioral health clinics: a tribally-operated clinic located on the reservation and a privately-operated nonprofit clinic located in a town adjacent to the reservation	Culturally Adapted Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) culturally adapted for Native American context: Delivered one-on-one; 13 sessions in total; Length of intervention not reported; Delivered in English; Not technology-based	Supervision calls included monitoring of weekly symptom measures, review of audio recordings of intervention sessions, and group discussion on case conceptualization, delivery of strategies, and clinical challenges; Counselors successfully completed 1 week of training before delivering CPT and attended weekly supervision meetings with a clinical psychologist with CPT expertise throughout the study duration	Inactive; Waitlist control	Alcohol problems (Alcohol Short Inventory of Problems); Alcohol use % (Drug Use Frequency Measure); Substance use disorder (The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for DSM-IV); Among immediate intervention participants, compared to waitlist participants, there were large reductions in PTSD symptom severity, high-risk sexual behavior, and a medium-to- large reduction in the frequency of alcohol use. CPT appears to improve mental health and risk behaviors, suggesting that addressing PTSD may be one way of improving HIV-risk related outcomes.
Robles et al. 2004; US; N=557	Age not reported; 10.6% women/females; Adults in Vega Baja, Puerto Rico, who had injected drugs in the past 30 days; Recruitment sites in Vega Baja included locate areas where drugs were procured (copping areas) and injected (shooting galleries), as well as prostitute strolls and other sites (hangouts) frequented by drug users; Potential subjects were accompanied to an assessment facility (“study site”) also in Vega Baja	TAU+Combined counseling and case management behavioral intervention culturally adapted for Puerto Rican context: Delivered one-on-one; 6 sessions over 6 weeks (1 session/week); Delivered in Spanish; Not technology-based	Case manager with a bachelor’s degree in social work and training in the intervention protocol met with participants after each counseling session to review and evaluate the session in terms of lessons learned and to provide assistance in overcoming any impediments (e.g. care of children, legal problems) encountered by participants to attending the next session; All six sessions were conducted by a registered nurse specially assigned to this intervention, with intensive training in motivational interviewing strategies.	Inactive; TAU: counseling for HIV testing, safe needle use and safe sex skills, HIV testing for those who consented, and a second session that focused on counseling post-test as well as drug treatment or health care referrals if interested.	Continued injection drug use (revised and culturally adapted versions of the Risk Behavior Assessment [RBA] and Risk Behavior Follow-up Assessment [RBFA]); Subjects in the experimental arm were significantly less likely to continue drug injection independent of entering drug treatment, and were also more likely to enter drug treatment. Subjects in both arms who entered drug treatment were less likely to continue drug injection. Among subjects who continued drug injection, those in the experimental arm were significantly less likely to share needles.
Samet et al. 2015; Russia; N=700	30.1 yo; 40.7% women/females; Russian people who are HIV positive and have at-risk drinking tendencies; Recruited from four clinical in-patient and out-patient HIV and addiction sites in St Petersburg, Russia; Interventions took place at Botkin Infectious Disease Hospital in St Petersburg	HERMITAGE based on Healthy relationships intervention (HRI) and Motivational interviewing (MI) and adapted for Russian context: Delivered one-on-one and in groups; 5 sessions in total; Three group sessions took place in a one week time frame, with an individual session preceding and following the week of group sessions; Delivered in Russian; Not technology-based	Adherence was monitored by observation of the sessions, which occurred for 10% of randomly selected participants using audiotapes made across all sessions, the quality and coverage of material in the session components were scored as low, medium or high, and participants gave survey feedback; Observations indicated high adherence to curriculum, good capacity of interventionists to implement the program and high engagement of participants in program sessions; Interventions were led by peer-professional teams who received structured training on both conditions and regular supervision and monitoring	Active; SC: five-session control program including two individual and three group sessions focused on stress reduction, social support and good nutrition for HIV-infected individuals; These group sessions were similarly led by peer-professional teams and provided education and skills building activities, as well as social support. Likely delivered in Russian; seems to be translation only and therefore less adapted than the CAI condition.	Average drinks per day (TLFB); Number of heavy drinking days (TLFB); Both groups decreased unsafe behaviors, although no significant differences were found between groups.
Tsai et al. 2009; Taiwan; N=275	49.64 yo; 18.19% women/females; Taiwanese inpatients with hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption; Eighteen units were selected from surgery units (e.g., traumatic, orthopedic, and neurological unit) and medical units (e.g., gastro- intestinal and psychiatric unit) at a medical center in northern Taiwan	Brief Intervention (BI) culturally adapted for use in Taiwan; Delivered one-on-one; 1 session in total; Delivered in Mandarin; Not technology-based	Fidelity not reported; The 2 RA [nurses] were trained for 1 year to use the AUDIT for alcohol assessments, to consult patients about alcohol use, and to enhance their communication skills	Inactive; No treatment.	Alcohol use quantity (AUDIT); Alcohol use symptoms of dependence (AUDIT); AUDIT total; Alcohol use disorders identification test scores decreased significantly in both groups at 6 months after the intervention, but did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. However, 12 months after the brief alcohol intervention, experimental subjects’ AUDIT scores were significantly better than those of the control group.
Wechsberg et al. 2012; N=100	25.9 yo; 100% women/females; Russian women/females between 18 and 30 years of age who self-reported injection drug use in the past year and had been undergoing Leningrad Regional Center of Addictions (LRCA) substance abuse treatment for more than 4 days; Leningrad Regional Center of Addictions (LRCA)	Woman-Focused Intervention based on Empowerment theory and social cognitive theory culturally adapted to Russian context; Delivered one-on-one; 2 sessions over 2 weeks (1 session/week); Delivered in Russian; Not technology-based	A multilingual project director from LRCA served as a senior team member and conducted quality assurance and observations; Interventionist was a staff psychologist trained by the principal investigator	Active; The equal-attention control group received a two-session intervention adapted from the Colorado State University Extension Nutrition Program’s “Eat Well for Less” (EWFL) curriculum; Likely delivered in Russian; seems to be translation only and therefore less adapted than the CAI condition.	Mean days injected heroin (Russian adapted Revised Risk Behavior Assessment [RRBA]); Cocaine use (RRBA); Heroin and cocaine use (RRBA); Marijuana use (RRBA); Ecstasy use (RRBA); Crack/cocaine use (RRBA); Jeff (ephedrone) use (RRBA); At 3-month follow-up, both groups showed reduced levels of injecting frequency. However, participants in the Woman-Focused intervention reported, on average, a lower frequency of partner impairment at last sex act and a lower average number of unprotected vaginal sex acts with their main sex partner than the Nutrition condition.

Note. yo= years old.