Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of participants classified by CKD, weighted.
| Characteristics† | Overall (n = 19,444) | Non-CKD (n = 16,138) | CKD (n = 3,306) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 47.55 ± 16.92 | 45.43 ± 15.93 | 60.66 ± 16.95 | <0.001* |
| Male, n (%) | 9,285 (48.0) | 7,783 (48.9) | 1,502 (42.0) | <0.001* |
| Race, n (%) | ||||
| Mexican American | 2,854 (8.4) | 2,447 (8.6) | 407 (6.8) | |
| Other Hispanic | 2,042 (5.9) | 1,745 (6.1) | 297 (4.9) | <0.001* |
| Non-Hispanic White | 8,004 (67.6) | 6,449 (67.1) | 1,555 (70.5) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 3,977 (10.2) | 3,250 (10.0) | 727 (11.4) | |
| Others | 2,567 (7.9) | 2,247 (8.2) | 320 (6.4) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | ||||
| Married | 9,943 (55.5) | 8,293 (55.7) | 1,650 (54.1) | |
| Widowed | 1,397 (5.4) | 822 (3.8) | 575 (15.2) | |
| Divorced | 2,122 (10.1) | 1,692 (9.7) | 430 (12.4) | <0.001* |
| Separated | 624 (2.2) | 512 (2.2) | 112 (2.4) | |
| Never married | 3,724 (18.5) | 3,350 (19.8) | 374 (10.3) | |
| Living with partner | 1,634 (8.3) | 1,469 (8.8) | 165 (5.5) | |
| Education level, n (%) | ||||
| Less than high school | 1,687 (4.3) | 1,285 (3.9) | 402 (6.7) | |
| High school | 6,712 (31.3) | 5,454 (30.6) | 1,258 (36.0) | <0.001* |
| More than high school | 11,045 (64.4) | 9,399 (65.5) | 1,646 (57.3) | |
| Household income, n (%) | ||||
| 0–130% FPL | 5,937 (20.5) | 4,871 (20.2) | 1,066 (22.6) | |
| >130–350% FPL | 7,364 (35.6) | 5,948 (34.5) | 1,416 (42.1) | |
| >350% FPL | 6,143 (43.9) | 5,319 (45.3) | 824 (35.3) | <0.001* |
| CVD, n (%) | 1,481 (6.3) | 810 (4.5) | 671 (17.7) | <0.001* |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 6,949 (31.8) | 4,871 (27.3) | 2,078 (59.4) | <0.001* |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 3,568 (13.9) | 2,233 (10.6) | 1,335 (34.6) | <0.001* |
| Cancer, n (%) | 1,842 (10.5) | 1,238 (8.9) | 604 (19.9) | <0.001* |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.17 ± 6.87 | 28.97 ± 6.76 | 30.40 ± 7.41 | <0.001* |
| Smoking, n (%) | ||||
| No | 11,373 (58.0) | 9,571 (58.6) | 1,802 (54.0) | |
| Former | 4,391 (24.1) | 3,411 (22.8) | 980 (31.8) | <0.001* |
| Current | 3,680 (17.9) | 3,156 (18.5) | 524 (14.2) | |
| Drinking, n (%) | ||||
| No | 6,002 (23.9) | 4,624 (22.1) | 1,378 (35.4) | |
| Low-to-moderate | 11,947 (66.9) | 10,257 (68.7) | 1,690 (55.7) | <0.001* |
| Heavy | 1,495 (9.2) | 1,257 (9.2) | 238 (8.9) | |
| MET, n (%) | ||||
| <600 min/week | 7,386 (33.5) | 5,638 (31.0) | 1,748 (48.4) | |
| 600–3,999 min/week | 7,106 (39.5) | 6,111 (40.5) | 995 (33.1) | |
| ≥4,000 min/week | 4,952 (27.1) | 4,389 (28.5) | 563 (18.5) | <0.001* |
| Calorie, kcal/day | 1971 (1,528, 2,505) | 2002 (1,558, 2,535) | 1790 (1,382, 2,271) | <0.001* |
| OBS | 20.80 ± 6.99 | 21.03 ± 6.98 | 19.37 ± 6.93 | <0.001* |
| Dietary OBS | 16.70 ± 6.67 | 16.89 ± 6.64 | 15.51 ± 6.73 | <0.001* |
| Lifestyle OBS | 4.10 ± 1.42 | 4.13 ± 1.42 | 3.87 ± 1.42 | <0.001* |
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 14.20 ± 1.43 | 14.27 ± 1.39 | 13.79 ± 1.62 | <0.001* |
| Albumin, g/L | 42.69 ± 3.35 | 42.87 ± 3.31 | 41.56 ± 3.40 | <0.001* |
| TC, mmol/L | 4.91 (4.24, 5.64) | 4.91 (4.24, 5.61) | 4.84 (4.16, 5.69) | 0.314 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.11 (0.76, 1.64) | 1.07 (0.74, 1.60) | 1.25 (0.88, 1.81) | <0.001* |
| HDL, mmol/L | 1.40 ± 0.43 | 1.40 ± 0.42 | 1.38 ± 0.48 | 0.128 |
| LDL, mmol/L | 2.95 ± 0.90 | 2.96 ± 0.88 | 2.88 ± 0.98 | 0.002 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.63 ± 0.90 | 5.54 ± 0.75 | 6.17 ± 1.43 | <0.001* |
| Serum creatinine, μmol/L | 75.14 (63.65, 87.52) | 73.37 (62.76, 84.86) | 89.28 (69.84, 111.38) | <0.001* |
| Urea nitrogen, mmol/L | 4.64 (3.57, 5.71) | 4.64 (3.57, 5.71) | 5.71 (4.28, 7.85) | <0.001* |
| eGFR,ml/min/1.73m2 | 94.19 ± 21.78 | 97.65 ± 18.14 | 72.82 ± 29.03 | <0.001* |
| UACR, mg/g | 6.58 (4.38, 11.57) | 6.03 (4.18, 9.29) | 41.25 (12.20, 93.08) | <0.001 |
| Low eGFR, n (%) | 1,600 (6.7) | – | 1,600 (48.2) | <0.001* |
| Proteinuria, n (%) | 2,248 (9.1) | – | 2,248 (65.4) | <0.001* |
FPL, family income to poverty; CVD, cardiovascular disease; BMI, body mass index; MET, metabolic equivalent; OBS, oxidative balance score; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; UACR, urine albumin/creatinine ratio; CKD, chronic kidney disease. *p < 0.05, †n (%): Unweighted numbers (weighted percentage).