Table 1.
Characteristics of the entire sample and by adherence/non-adherent groups
| Variable | All (N = 345) | Non-adherent (N = 194; 56%) | Adherent (N = 151; 44%) |
Univariate logistic regression: Predicting adherence | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N or M | % or SD | N or M | % or SD | N or M | % or SD | OR | 95% LL | 95% UL | p | |
| Age | 37.6 | 13.2 | 36.1 | 13.3 | 39.4 | 12.8 | 1.02 | 1.00 | 1.04 | 0.021 |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Female | 132 | 38.3 | 53 | 40.2 | 79 | 59.9 | REF | |||
| Male | 213 | 61.7 | 141 | 66.2 | 72 | 33.8 | 0.34 | 0.22 | 0.54 | < 0.001 |
| Race | ||||||||||
| Black or African American | 44 | 12.8 | 33 | 75.0 | 11 | 25.0 | 0.36 | 0.18 | 0.75 | 0.07 |
| Other or Unknown Race | 32 | 9.3 | 21 | 65.6 | 11 | 34.4 | 0.57 | 0.26 | 1.23 | 0.89 |
| White | 269 | 78.0 | 140 | 52.0 | 129 | 48.0 | REF | |||
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||
| Hispanic or Latino | 12 | 3.5 | 9 | 75.0 | 3 | 25.0 | 0.41 | 0.11 | 1.55 | 0.23 |
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 302 | 87.5 | 173 | 56.2 | 135 | 43.8 | REF | |||
| Unknown | 31 | 9.0 | 18 | 58.1 | 13 | 41.9 | 0.89 | 0.42 | 1.89 | 0.51 |
| Social Vulnerability Index | ||||||||||
| Socioeconomic %tile | 0.34 | 0.27 | 0.33 | 0.26 | 0.34 | 0.27 | 1.10 | 0.49 | 2.45 | 0.83 |
| Household Composition %ile | 0.44 | 0.27 | 0.43 | 0.27 | 0.44 | 0.26 | 1.11 | 0.50 | 2.49 | 0.79 |
| Minority Status/Language %ile | 0.44 | 0.26 | 0.44 | 0.26 | 0.45 | 0.26 | 1.19 | 0.52 | 2.70 | 0.69 |
| Housing Type/Transportation %ile | 0.55 | 0.29 | 0.57 | 0.29 | 0.53 | 0.29 | 0.63 | 0.31 | 1.31 | 0.22 |
| Overall | 0.41 | 0.28 | 0.42 | 0.28 | 0.41 | 0.30 | 0.96 | 0.45 | 2.02 | 0.90 |
| Insurance (at index encounter) | ||||||||||
| Commercial | 119 | 35.3 | 55 | 46.2 | 64 | 53.8 | 1.82 | 1.16 | 2.86 | 0.009 |
| Medicare | 44 | 13.1 | 24 | 54.6 | 20 | 45.5 | 1.06 | 0.56 | 2.00 | 0.86 |
| Medicaid | 196 | 58.2 | 123 | 62.8 | 73 | 37.2 | 0.51 | 0.33 | 0.79 | 0.003 |
| State subsidized | 5 | 1.5 | 2 | 40.0 | 3 | 60.0 | 1.91 | 0.32 | 11.59 | 0.48 |
| Other Insurance | 66 | 19.6 | 36 | 54.6 | 30 | 45.5 | 1.00 | 0.58 | 1.70 | 0.99 |
| None | 8 | 2.4 | 6 | 75.0 | 2 | 25.0 | 0.41 | 0.08 | 2.08 | 0.28 |
| Smoking status (at index) | < 0.001 | |||||||||
| Smoker | 194 | 57.6 | 122 | 62.9 | 72 | 37.1 | REF | |||
| Nonsmoker | 54 | 16.0 | 32 | 59.3 | 22 | 40.7 | 1.17 | 0.63 | 2.16 | 0.25 |
| Former Smoker | 89 | 26.4 | 34 | 38.2 | 55 | 61.8 | 2.74 | 1.63 | 4.60 | < 0.001 |
| Comorbid Substance Use Disorders | ||||||||||
| Alcohol use disorder | 46 | 13.3 | 28 | 60.9 | 18 | 39.1 | 0.80 | 0.43 | 1.50 | 0.50 |
| Cocaine use disorder | 19 | 5.5 | 16 | 84.2 | 3 | 15.8 | 0.23 | 0.06 | 0.79 | 0.02 |
| Stimulant use disorder | 51 | 14.8 | 34 | 66.7 | 17 | 33.3 | 0.60 | 0.32 | 1.12 | 0.11 |
| Comorbid Mental Health Disorders | ||||||||||
| Anxiety | 232 | 67.3 | 123 | 53.0 | 109 | 47.0 | 1.50 | 0.95 | 2.37 | 0.09 |
| Depression | 171 | 49.6 | 93 | 54.4 | 78 | 45.6 | 1.16 | 0.76 | 1.78 | 0.49 |
| Personality disorder | 16 | 4.6 | 7 | 43.8 | 9 | 56.3 | 1.69 | 0.62 | 4.66 | 0.31 |
| PTSD | 51 | 14.5 | 26 | 51.0 | 25 | 49.0 | 1.28 | 0.71 | 2.33 | 0.41 |
| Serious Mental Illness | 45 | 13 | 25 | 55.6 | 20 | 44.4 | 1.03 | 0.55 | 1.94 | 0.92 |
| Comorbid Physical Health Conditions | ||||||||||
| Chronic Pain | 146 | 42.3 | 73 | 49.7 | 74 | 50.3 | 1.63 | 1.06 | 2.51 | 0.027 |
| Diabetes | 23 | 6.7 | 15 | 65.2 | 8 | 34.8 | 0.67 | 0.28 | 1.62 | 0.37 |
| Hepatitis C | 17 | 4.9 | 12 | 70.6 | 5 | 29.4 | 0.52 | 0.18 | 1.51 | 0.23 |
| Hypertension | 84 | 24.4 | 37 | 44.1 | 47 | 56.0 | 1.92 | 1.17 | 3.15 | 0.01 |
| Buprenorphine | ||||||||||
| Average Days Supply | 21.4 | 8.3 | 18.7 | 8.1 | 24.9 | 6.0 | 1.12 | 1.08 | 1.15 | < 0.001 |
| Daily dose (mg) | 11.3 | 6.2 | 10.8 | 6.0 | 12.0 | 6.4 | 1.03 | 1.00 | 1.07 | 0.08 |
| Formulation | ||||||||||
| All Films | 229 | 66.4 | 128 | 55.9 | 101 | 44.1 | 1.04 | 0.66 | 1.63 | 0.86 |
| All Tabs | 48 | 13.9 | 22 | 45.8 | 26 | 54.2 | 1.63 | 0.88 | 3.00 | 0.12 |
| Mix formulations | 68 | 19.7 | 44 | 64.7 | 24 | 35.3 | 0.64 | 0.37 | 1.12 | 0.12 |
| Encounter Types | ||||||||||
| Any behavioral health | 63 | 18.3 | 28 | 44.4 | 35 | 55.6 | 1.79 | 1.03 | 3.10 | 0.039 |
| Any addiction medicine | 10 | 2.9 | 8 | 80.0 | 2 | 20.0 | 0.31 | 0.07 | 1.49 | 0.14 |
| Any pain medicine | 65 | 18.8 | 35 | 53.9 | 30 | 46.2 | 1.13 | 0.66 | 1.94 | 0.67 |
| Urine Toxicology Screens | ||||||||||
| Unexpected Positive (Amphetamines) | 25 | 7.3 | 19 | 76.0 | 6 | 24.0 | 0.38 | 0.15 | 0.98 | 0.045 |
| Unexpected Positive (Benzodiazepines) | 18 | 5.2 | 11 | 61.1 | 7 | 38.9 | 0.81 | 0.31 | 2.14 | 0.67 |
| Unexpected Positive (Cocaine) | 24 | 7.0 | 17 | 70.8 | 7 | 29.2 | 0.51 | 0.20 | 1.25 | 0.14 |
| Unexpected Positive (Opioids) | 58 | 16.8 | 43 | 74.1 | 15 | 25.9 | 0.39 | 0.21 | 0.73 | 0.003 |
| Unexpected Negative (Buprenorphine) | 74 | 21.5 | 46 | 62.2 | 28 | 37.8 | 0.73 | 0.43 | 1.24 | 0.25 |
Note. M = Mean. SD = Standard deviation. OR = Odds Ratio. LL = 95th percentile lower limit. UL = 95th percentile upper limit. REF = Reference group. p = p-value.