Figure 4.

Advances in the development of in vitro models mimicking ALI in the lungs. Current Transwell‐based ALI systems adopt the most common multicellular 3D model originated from specific inflammatory cells and signaling modes adopting versatile culture conditions (left panel). Adopting suitable differentiation protocol involving scaffold materials and structures with mono‐ or co‐culture and primary cells are under current investigation, bridging the gap of interlaboratory variations. The dynamic cyclic flow and pulsatile microfluidic cultures can be utilized for LoC models mimicking lung ALI (right panel).