Table 3.

Pros versus cons of advanced Organ‐on‐Chip engineering technology

Pros	Cons
Organ‐on‐Chip devices can include dynamic environmental factors that improve cellular fidelity and compatibility with imaging.	Materials for Organ‐on‐Chip engineering need to be designed for both the engineering of the device and the support of cell culture.
Improvements to the expensive nature of the efficiency of drug discovery could create billions of dollars in savings for large companies.	Organ‐on‐Chip devices are difficult to scale to mass production.
Plastic membranes or microfluidic hydrogels can be functionalized into microfluidic channels to model human tissue's various barriers and interfaces.	Hydrogel's are, by nature, fragile which make it challenging to shape them into stable structures with a defined vascular–epithelial interface.
Separate microfluidic networks can be created by synthetic polymeric elastomer used as a scaffold for the development of vascularized functional tissues.	Organ‐on‐Chip devices need successful reproduction of biological functions. A high level of understanding is needed for industrial decision making and current validation protocols are limited.
To prompt the self‐fabrication of endothelial cells into perfusable microvascular network in hydrogels growth factors and biochemical signals are used.	Elastomers used in LoC devices are hydrophobic and very sticky to ENMs, growth factor, and protein supplements, which reduces their availability to cells.
Microfluidic cell culture device representing 13 organs was created to model inter‐organ interactions and quantify the relationship between organ volume and blood residence time.	Body‐on‐chop concept struggle with developing universal in vitro culture mediums for organ‐specific cells, functional aspects, and lack of organs specific multicellularity.
Using human iPSCs, epithelial and epithelial‐mesenchymal organoids have been developed like corneal and retinal tissue.	Organoids are challenged by reproducibility, diffusion, control over perfusion and input–output parameters, applicability of built‐in functional readouts.