Table 1.

Experimental models for regeneration of sebaceous glands and sweat glands. Abbreviations: fibroblast (Fb); green fluorescent protein (GFP); hair follicles (HFs); keratinocytes (Kcs); mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs); not specified (NS); severe combined immunodeficient (SCID); stem cells (SCs); sweat glands (SGs); tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)

Skin appendage	Type and source of cells/tissues	Passage	Culture conditions	Study model	Refs.
Sweat glands	Autologous SG‐derived progenitors	NS	NS	In vivo; lineage tracing with RosaLacZ or RosaYFP reporter mice	[27a]
	Adult human bone marrow‐derived MSCs	3	Monolayers	In vitro; direct coculture of human SCs with heat‐shocked confluence human SG cells	[29]
	SG germ cells	NS	NS	In vivo; transgenic expression of the mouse EDA‐A1 isoform in tabby (EDA‐less) males	[33]
	Adult human bone marrow‐derived MSCs	2–3	Cocultured with human SG cells	In vivo; implanting cocultured MSCs in athymic BALB/c nude mice Clinical trial; transplantation of transdifferentiated MSCs	[34]
	Human umbilical cord‐derived MSCs	3–5	Basic SG medium‐plus conditioned heat‐shock SG medium (9:1) Keratinocyte growth factor	In vitro; culturing human SCs in the media supplemented by the growth factor In vivo; transplanting SG cells differentiated from human SCs into SCID mouse burn model	[32]
	Human bone marrow‐derived MSCs transfected with ectodysplasin	NS	NS	In vivo; transplanting human SCs into the injured areas of burn animal models	[35]
Sebaceous glands	Bulge cells in adolescent hr mice	NS	NS	In vivo; treating hr mice with and without topical dioxin	[36]
	Adult bulge SCs	NS	Dulbecco's Vogt modified Eagle	In vivo; implanting fragments of bulges from vibrissal follicles of adult mice onto the back of mouse embryos	[19g]
	EGFP‐high/α6‐integrin+ cells from Krt1‐15‐EGFP; ROSA26 skin mice	NS	Cell suspension	In vivo; combining the bulge SCs with epithelial and dermal cells and injected subcutaneously or placed in tracheas and then implanted subcutaneously into CB‐17 Icr‐scid/scid mice	[37]
	Bulge cells from adult K14‐GFP‐actin mice	NS	Cell suspension	In vivo; combining the bulge cells with epithelial and dermal cells and implanted onto the back of nude mice	[38]
	Epidermal cells from Blimp1GFP mice (Blimp1+ sebaceous gland progenitor cells)	NS	Cell suspension	In vivo; combining the bulge cells with epithelial and dermal cells and implanted onto the back of nude mice	[39]
	Epidermal cells from transgenic mice (Lrig1+ SCs)	1 & 5	Cell suspension	In vivo; combining the SCs with epithelial and dermal cells and implanted onto the back of nude mice	[40]
	Epidermal cells from intercrossed mice (Lrg6+ SCs) at the isthmus	NS	NS	In vivo; intercrossing Lgr6‐EGFP‐Ires‐CreERT2 to the Cre reporter R26R‐LacZ mice	[41]
	Adult bulge SCs from transgenic mice (Sox9+ SCs) in the upper ORS	NS	NS	In vivo; crossing Sox9‐IRES‐Cre mice to ROSA26Flox‐Stop‐Flox‐βgeo  (R26R) mice	[42]
	HF progenitor cells from mouse tail epidermis (Lrg6+ SCs)	NS	NS	In vivo; C57Bl/6 mice between E15.5 and P2 were studied using immunostaining	[43]
	HF SCs from human facial skin (K15+ cells)	NS	NS	In vivo; grafting human facial skin specimens onto SCID mice	[44]
	Human neonatal foreskin Kcs	3	TSC2‐null Fb‐like cells incorporated into collagen and overlaid with Kcs	In vivo; grafting composites onto immunodeficient mice	[45]
	GFP‐positive bone marrow cells from adult mice	NS	Cell suspension	In vivo; transplanting in a mixture of embryonic mouse epidermal and dermal cells on the backs of nude mice	[46]
	Mouse bone marrow‐derived allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells	1	Cell suspension	In vivo; injecting intradermally in the periphery of the excisional wound in NOD mice	[47]
	Porcine bone marrow‐derived MSCs	NS	NS	In vivo; engrafting to porcine skin	[48]
	MSCs from Wharton's Jelly of the human umbilical cord	NS	Cell suspension	In vivo; (co)transplanting MSCs and/or skin microparticle (autologous) in C57BL/6 mice with a degree III deep burning wound	[49]