Fig. 5. Intracellular E. coli LF82 number in RAW 264.7 macrophages after metabolite treatment. RAW 264.7 macrophages were treated with various microbial metabolites at different physiologically relevant concentrations before exposure to E. coli LF82 and incubation for 24 h (a, b) or 72 h (c, d). Data are shown as the mean of three biological replicates ±sd (error bars). One-way ANOVA was performed across all metabolites, and *P<0.05 versus the control condition (infection without metabolites) was considered statistically significant.