Table 2.
List of MEW‐processed polymers beyond PCL showing the resulting fiber diameters and the printing parameters used
| Polymer class | Fiber diameter [µm] | Layers | Nozzle diameter [Gauge] | Temperature [°C] | Voltage [kV] | Pressure [bar] | Speed [mm min−1] | Distance [mm] | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Polyesters |
pHMGCL/PCL 40:60 |
3–7 |
25–30 200 × 200 µm 150 × 300 µm |
27 | 84 |
5–8.5 5 |
1–4 2 |
600–2400 300 |
3–5 3 |
[ 84 ] |
| Poly(urea‐siloxane)s; thermoplastic elastomer | 10.6 ± 0.6 to 19.5 ± 1.5 |
100 50 in x/y |
24 |
80–100 90 |
8–12 10 |
1–3 2 |
1500–4000 2500 |
8.5 | [ 85 ] | |
| Water‐soluble polymers | PEtOx | 8–183 | 180 | 30, 27, 25, and 23 |
200–220 210 |
3–7 4 |
1–3 2 |
200–400 |
3–7 5 |
[ 86 ] |
| Hydrogel | PEtOzi |
45 ± 5 (dry) 89 ± 12 (wet) |
10 500 µm spacing |
N/A |
130 Spinneret 150 |
2–4 | 1.5–2 | 1300–1800 | 3.3 | [ 87 ] |
| Photocurable polymers | Poly(LLA‐ε‐CL‐AC) | 24.6 ± 2.7 |
20 100 µm |
30 |
130 Spinneret 145 |
7 | 3 | 420 | 4.5 | [ 88 ] |
| Poly(ε‐CL‐AC) |
≈15–75 26.8 ± 1.9 |
10 5 in x/y 200 µm |
30 |
90 Spinneret 105 |
7 |
0.3–4 1 |
100–810 300 |
4.5 | [ 89 ] | |
| Nondegradable polymers | PP |
20–105 16.4 ± 0.2 |
10 on top (wall) 5 in x/y 200 µm |
25 |
215 Collector 70–90 80 |
6.2 |
0.5–1.0 0.5 |
25–150 750 |
3.3 ± 0.5 | [ 90 ] |
| Electroactive polymers | PVDF | 25–50 | 5 | 26 | 190 ± 2 | 2.70 ± 0.08 | 1.5–3.0 | 1800–5000 | 4.0 ± 0.5 | [ 91 ] |
| Compounding particulates | 3 and 7 wt% HAp in PCL |
16.84 ± 2.41 20.46 ± 1.09 |
190 µm | 21 | 80 | 7 | 20 mL h−1 | N/A | 10 | [ 47 ] |
| Bioactive milk proteins in PCL | ≈50 µm |
5 300 µm |
25 µm diameter | 85 | 20 | 1 | 720 | [ 29 ] | ||
| 5 wt% 45S5 BG in PLA‐PEG‐PLA/PLA 10 wt% | 31 ± 2 |
10 5 in x/y |
23 | 142 | 4 | 2 | 5000 | 3.5 | [ 92 ] | |
| SrBG in PCL | ≈100 µm |
≈8–10 ≈4–5 in x/y 1000 µm |
N/A | 55 | −6 |
3.8 0.69 0.36 |
N/A | 8 | [ 64 ] | |
| PEG and ROX in PCL | 3–10 |
0°–90° pattern 15 100 µm pore size |
45 | 95 | 2.3–2.6 kV | 0.015–0.03 | 600–1200 | 1.5 | [ 70 ] | |