Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Vanguard Cohort
| Baseline Characteristic | All participants (n = 1376) |
|---|---|
| Outcome | |
| PEG score (range:0–10, higher=more pain interference) | 4.4 ± 2.2 |
| Exposures | |
| PROMIS sleep disturbance 6a T-score (range:31.7–76.1, higher=more disturbance) | 54.8 ± 8.0 |
| PROMIS depression 4a T-score (range:41.0–79.4, higher=more depressed) | 52.6 ± 10.1 |
| BMI | |
| Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 12 (0.9) |
| Normal weight (18.5–24.9 kg/m2) | 409 (29.8) |
| Overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2) | 410 (29.9) |
| Obesity class I (30–34.9 kg/m2) | 279 (20.3) |
| Obesity class II (35–39.9 kg/m2) | 137 (10.0) |
| Obesity class III (≥40 kg/m2) | 126 (9.2) |
| Number of alcoholic drinks per week | 2.5 ± 4.6 |
| Smoking status | |
| Current smoker | 93 (6.8) |
| Past smoker | 457 (33.2) |
| Never smoked | 826 (60.0) |
| Type A Confounders | |
| Age (years) | 54.9 ± 14.4 |
| Female | 927 (67.4) |
| Education | |
| Some high school | 20 (1.5) |
| High school completed | 237 (17.2) |
| Associates/Technical degree completed | 208 (15.1 |
| College/Baccalaureate degree completed | 434 (31.5) |
| Doctoral/Postgraduate education | 477 (34.7) |
| Relationship status | |
| Married | 788 (57.2) |
| Never married | 210 (15.3) |
| Divorced | 181 (13.2) |
| Domestic partner (living with partner as if married) | 100 (7.3) |
| Widowed | 77 (5.6) |
| Separated | 20 (1.5) |
| High financial strain | 145 (10.6) |
| PROMIS anxiety 4a T-score (range:40.3–81.6, higher=more anxiety) | 54.1 ± 10.1 |
| Fear avoidance score (range:0–24, higher=more avoidance) | 11.6 ± 5.9 |
| Pain catastrophizing score (range:0–12, higher=more catastrophizing) | 4.5 ± 2.6 |
| Type B Confounders | |
| Current opioid use | 156 (11.3) |
| Expectation of pain relief over next 3 months (1=no relief, 10=complete relief) | 4.2 ± 2.2 |
| PTSD diagnosis, childhood and/or adult | 235 (17.1) |
| Filed workers compensation, lawsuit, or disability due to back problem or pain | 217 (15.8) |
| How often treated unfairly due to ethnicity or race | |
| Never | 1002 (72.8) |
| Sometimes | 349 (25.4) |
| Often | 17 (1.2) |
| Always | 8 (0.6) |
| History of low-back operation | |
| None | 1189 (86.4) |
| Decompression | 114 (8.3) |
| Spinal fusion | 73 (5.3) |
| Duration of low-back pain as ongoing problem | |
| 3 – 6 months | 46 (3.4) |
| 6 months – 1 year | 107 (7.8) |
| 1 – 5 years | 463 (33.7) |
| More than 5 years | 759 (55.2) |
| Pain self-efficacy score (range:0–24, higher=more confidence) | 16.2 ± 5.5 |
| PROMIS cognitive function 2a T-score (range:29.5–61.2, higher=more cognitive function) | 49.2 ± 7.4 |
| PROMIS fatigue 4a T-score (range:33.7–75.8, higher=more fatigued) | 57.1 ± 10.5 |
| PROMIS social isolation 4a T-score (range:34.8–74.2, higher=more isolated) | 51.6 ± 8.2 |
Data presented as mean ± SD or n (%)