Table 1:
Sex-related association with the outcome: NMOU in the month prior to discharge (2X2 contingency analyses; univariate)
| Variable | Condition | Outcome: Non-medical opioid use (NMOU) | Number of Episodes | Chi2 analysis; P-value uncorrected | Survives Bonferroni correction?* | Male/Female Odds Ratio of NMOU (±95%CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male (%) | Female (%) | ||||||
| Sex | Used | 4,131 (61.8%) | 2,724 (56%) | Chi2 [1] =39.2; p<0.0001 | YES p=0.0041 | =1.27 (1.18 to 1.38) | |
| Not Used | 2,554 (38.2%) | 2,140 (44.0%) | |||||
| Length of stay: (days) | 31–45 | Used | 591 (75.00%) | 410 (72.70%) | Chi2 [1]=0.91; p=0.34; NS | NO | N/A |
| Not Used | 197 (25.00%) | 154 (27.30%) | |||||
| 46–60 | Used | 396 (73.20%) | 265 (70.29%) | Chi2 [1]=0.93; p=0.34; NS | NO | N/A | |
| Not Used | 145 (26.80%) | 112 (29.71%) | |||||
| 61–90 | Used | 520 (67.10%) | 360 (64.75%) | Chi2 [1]=0.80; p=0.37; NS | NO | N/A | |
| Not Used | 255 (32.90%) | 196 (35.25%) | |||||
| 91–120 | Used | 440 (69.40%) | 251 (60.19%) | Chi2 [1] 9.47; p=0.0021 | NO | N/A | |
| Not Used | 194 (30.60%) | 166 (39.81%) | |||||
| 121–180 | Used | 584 (63.90%) | 359 (59.09%) | Chi2 [1]=5.25; p=0.022 | NO | N/A | |
| Not Used | 330 (36.10%) | 259 (41.91%) | |||||
| 181–365 | Used | 834 (61.01%) | 549 (55.01%) | Chi2 [1] 8.55; p=0.0035 | NO | N/A | |
| Not Used | 533 (38.99%) | 449 (44.99%) | |||||
| ≥366 | Used | 766 (45.98%) | 530 (39.73%) | Chi2 [1]=11.79; p=0.0006 | YES p=0.025 | 1.29 (1.12 to 1.49) | |
| Not Used | 900 (54.02%) | 804 (60.27%) | |||||
| Route of non-medical opioid use | Oral | Used | 611 (48.72%) | 559 (44.40%) | Chi2 [1]= 4.80 p=0.028 | NO | N/A |
| Not Used | 642 (51.28%) | 700 (55.60%) | |||||
| Smoking | Used | 333 (70.40%) | 212 (64.44%) | Chi2 [1]=3.17; p=0.075; NS | NO | N/A | |
| Not Used | 140 (29.60%) | 117 (35.56%) | |||||
| Inhalation | Used | 1372 (63.34%) | 730 (56.68%) | Chi2 [1] 15.47; p<0.0001 | YES p=0.0041 | 1.33 (1.15 to 1.53) | |
| Not Used | 794 (36.66%) | 560 (43.32%) | |||||
| Injection | Used | 1784 (63.90%) | 1223 (61.58%) | Chi2 [1]=2.62; p=0.11; NS | NO | N/A | |
| Not Used | 1009 (36.10%) | 763 (38.42%) | |||||
| Age | 18–29 | Used | 942 (58.66%) | 727 (52.15%) | Chi2 [1]=12.79; p=0.0003 | YES p=0.012 | 1.30 (1.13 to 1.50) |
| Not Used | 664 (41.34%) | 667 (47.85) | |||||
| 30–39 | Used | 1396 (60.12%) | 997 (54.51%) | Chi2 [1]=13.35 p=0.0003 | YES p=0.012 | 1.26 (1.11 to 1.43) | |
| Not Used | 927 (39.88%) | 834 (45.49%) | |||||
| 40–49 | Used | 814 (64.20%) | 535 (62.06%) | Chi2 [1]=1.0; p=0.32 | NO | N/A | |
| Not Used | 454 (35.80%) | 327 (37.94%) | |||||
| 50+ | Used | 979 (65.84%) | 465 (59.85%) | Chi2 [1]=7.81 p=0.0052 | NO | N/A | |
| Not Used | 509 (34.16%) | 312 (40.15%) | |||||
| Housing at Discharge | Unhoused | Used | 525 (74.15%) | 311 (74.05%) | Chi2 [1]=00.15; p=0.97; NS | NO | N/A |
| Not Used | 183 (25.85%) | 109 (25.95%) | |||||
| Dependent living | Used | 621 (59.71%) | 442 (56.45%) | Chi2 [1]=1.89; p=0.17; NS | NO | N/A | |
| Not Used | 420 (40.35%) | 341 (43.55%) | |||||
| Independent living | Used | 2985 (60.49%) | 1971 53.87% | Chi2 [1]=37.92; p<0.0001 | YES p=0.0041 | 1.31 (1.20 to 1.43) | |
| Not Used | 1951 (39.51%) | 1690 46.13% | |||||
| Employment at Discharge | Full time employed | Used | 862 (49.91%) | 315 42.63% | Chi2 [1]=11.02; p=0.0009 | YES 0.037 | 1.34 (1.13 to 1.60) |
| Not Used | 865 (50.09%) | 424 57.37% | |||||
| Part-time employed | Used | 398 (59.40%) | 269 48.56% | Chi2 [1]=14.16; p=0.0002 | YES p=0.0082 | 1.55 (1.23 to 1.94) | |
| Not Used | 273 (40.60%) | 285 51.44% | |||||
| Unemployed | Used | 1554 (68.16%) | 1045 58.32% | Chi2 [1]=42.11; p<0.0001 | YES p=0.0041 | 1.53 (1.35 to 1.74) | |
| Not Used | 726 (31.84%) | 747 41.68% | |||||
| Not in labor force | Used | 1317 (65.62%) | 1095 61.55% | Chi2 [1]=6.75; p<0.0094 | NO | N/A | |
| Not Used | 690 (34.38%) | 684 34.45% | |||||
| Race / Background | Black / African-American | Used | 796 (77.36%) | 414 (72.89%) | Chi2 [1]=3.98 p=0.046 | NO | N/A |
| Not Used | 233 (22.64%) | 154 (27.11%) | |||||
| White | Used | 2713 (57.56%) | 2022 (53.89%) | Chi2 [1]=11.54 p=0.0007 | YES p=0.029 | 1.16 (1.07 to 1.27) | |
| Not Used | 2001 (42.44%) | 1732 (46.11%) | |||||
| Other | Used | 622 (66.03%) | 288 (53.14%) | Chi2 [1]=24.11 p<0.0001 | YES p=0.0041 | 1.71 (1.38 to 2.12) | |
| Not Used | 320 (33.97%) | 254 (46.86%) | |||||
| Ethnicity | Hispanic | Used | 652 (68.99%) | 301 (59.02%) | Chi2 [1]=14.58 p<0.0001 | YES p=0.0041 | 1.55 (1.24 to 1.93) |
| Not Used | 293 (31.01%) | 209 (40.98%) | |||||
| Non-hispanic | Used | 3479 (60.61%) | 2423 (55.68%) | Chi2 [1]=24.79 p<0.0001 | YES p=0.0041 | 1.23 (1.13 to 1.33) | |
| Not Used | 2261 (39.39%) | 1931 (44.32%) | |||||
| Psychiatric comorbidity | Yes | Used | 1140 (53.02%) | 1074 (50.10%) | Chi2 [1]=3.57 p=0.06 NS | NO | N/A |
| Not Used | 1010 (46.98%) | 1068 (49.90%) | |||||
| No | Used | 2991 (66.00%) | 1650 (60.62%) | Chi2 [1]=21.01 p<0.0001 | YES p=0.0041 | 1.26 (1.14 to 1.39) | |
| Not Used | 1544 (34.00%) | 1072 (39.38%) | |||||
| Court or criminal justice referral | Yes | Used | 123 (32.71%) | 82 (33.61%) | Chi2 [1]=0.05; p=0.82; NS | NO | N/A |
| Not Used | 253 (67.29%) | 162 (66.39%) | |||||
| No | Used | 4008 (63.53%) | 2642 (57.19%) | Chi2 [1]=45.03 p<0.0001 | YES p=0.0041 | 1.30 (1.21 to 1.41) | |
| Not Used | 2301 (36.47%) | 1978 (42.81%) | |||||
| Census Divisions | New England | Used | 328 (35.85%) | 186 (31.69%) | Chi2 [1]=2.75; p=0.10; NS | NO | N/A |
| Not used | 587 (64.15%) | 401 (68.31%) | |||||
| Middle Atlantic | Used | 1013 (63.75%) | 599 (58.84%) | Chi2 [1]=6.34; p=0.012 | NO | N/A | |
| Not Used | 576 (36.25%) | 419 (41.16%) | |||||
| East North Central | Used | 340 (48.85%) | 272 (41.34%) | Chi2 [1]=7.71; p=0.0055 | NO | N/A | |
| Not Used | 356 (51.15%) | 386 (58.66%) | |||||
| West North Central | Used | 33 (59%) | 29 (57%) | Chi2 [1]=0.05; p=0.83; NS | NO | N/A | |
| Not Used | 23 (41%) | 22 (43%) | |||||
| South Atlantic | Used | 1033 (75.46%) | 654 (68.55%) | Chi2 [1]=13.47; p=0.0002 | YES p=0.0082 | 1.41 (1.17 to 1.70) | |
| Not Used | 336 (24.54%) | 300 (31.45%) | |||||
| East South Central | Used | 113 (49.13%) | 122 (47.84%) | Chi2 [1]=0.08; p=0.78; NS | NO | N/A | |
| Not Used | 117 (50.87%) | 133 (52.16%) | |||||
| West South Central | Used | 29 (64%) | 24 (69%) | Chi2 [1]=0.15; p=0.71; NS | NO | N/A | |
| Not Used | 16 (36%) | 11 (31%) | |||||
| Mountain | Used | 89 (40%) | 97 (43%) | Chi2 [1]=0.37; p=0.54; NS | NO | N/A | |
| Not Used | 131 (60%) | 127 (57%) | |||||
| Pacific | Used | 1153 (73.67%) | 741 68.48% | Chi2 [1]=8.47; p=0.0036 | NO | N/A | |
| Not Used | 412 (26.33%) | 341 31.52% | |||||
*
Correction for multiple comparisons with the Bonferroni method, reaching 0.05 significance with 41 comparisons (i.e., with an uncorrected threshold of p=0.0012).