Fig 4. Unadjusted and adjusted associations between soil-transmitted helminth (STH) detection by qPCR in soil and matched human stool samples from 290 households in India, Kenya, and Benin.

Points represent odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) error bars. Any STH indicates the sample was positive for at least one of the following targets: A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura, or N. americanus. Adjusted models included covariates associated (p < 0.20) with soil STH detection for each target, and all adjusted models including study site (country). Adjusted model for “Any STH” included variables for sun exposure, soil moisture content, whether the sampling area was visibly wet, and whether the sampling area had visible feces nearby; N. americanus adjusted model included soil type and moisture content; A. lumbricoides adjusted model included sample type, soil type, soil moisture, sun exposure, whether the sampling area was visibly wet, and whether there was visible feces; T. trichiura adjusted model included sample type, soil moisture, pH, sun exposure, and whether the sampling area was visibly wet.