Table 3.

Brief summary of raw materials and fabrication methods used in all the articles described above in osteochondral TE and using biomimetic bilayer scaffolds

Clinical application	Raw materials			Fabrication methods	Refs.
Osteochondral TE	Building bilayered scaffolds with one component
	Synthetic materials	Chondral layer Subchondral layer	PLGA	Molding/particulate leaching method	Pan et al. [68]
	Building bilayered scaffolds with more than one component
	Blend of synthetic materials	Chondral layer Subchondral layer	PCL/PLGA	3D‐printing	Natarajan et al. [74]
	Blends of natural/synthetic/bioceramics materials	Chondral layer Subchondral layer	Chitosan/gelatin HAP/chitosan/gelatin	Mixing/molding/freeze‐drying	Chen et al. [75]
		Chondral layer Subchondral layer	PVA/gelatin/vanillin n‐HAP/PA6	Mixing/molding/cross‐linking	Li et al. [97]
		Chondral layer Subchondral layer	SF SF/nanoCaP	Mixing/molding/freeze‐drying	Yan et al. [81]
		Chondral layer Subchondral layer	BC‐GAG BC‐HAP	Mixing	Kumbhar et al. [55]
		Chondral layer Subchondral layer	Collagen Mg/HAP	Mixing/cross‐linking	Sartori et al. [94]
		Chondral layer Subchondral layer	Collagen BCP	Coextrusion Freeze‐drying	Seong et al. [83]
		Chondral layer Subchondral layer	BC/HAP	Cross‐linking	Zhu et al. [88]
		Chondral layer Subchondral layer	HRP/SF HRP‐SF/ZnSr‐doped β‐TCP	Salt leaching/freeze‐drying	Ribeiro et al. [85]
		Chondral layer Subchondral layer	Gelatin/SF/dextran PLLA/PLGA/PCL	Cross‐linking Dual‐phase separation	Zheng et al. [73]
		Chondral layer Subchondral layer	HLC‐HA HLC‐HA‐HAP	Liquid phase synthesis/cross‐linking/freeze‐drying	Liu et al. [87]