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. 2024 Mar 20;56(5):893–905. doi: 10.1007/s11858-024-01561-3

Table 2.

Predicting student perceptions of their own learning and understanding and of teachers’ comprehension orientation

Model 1: Student: own learning process (Pyth) Model 2: Student: own understanding (Pyth) Model 3: Student: teacher’s overall comprehension orientation (T4)
β SE β SE β SE
Class-level variables
  Mean achievement (Pyth pretest) −0.12* (0.05) −0.18** (0.06)
  Mean achievement (math t1) nss
  Expert ratings: Quality (Pyth) 0.16** (0.06) 0.12* (0.05) nss
Individual-level variables
  Achievement (Pyth pretest) 0.13** (0.05) 0.16** (0.05)
  Achievement (math t1) nss
  Math-related interest 0.25** (0.04) 0.27** (0.04) 0.11** (0.04)
  General cognitive abilities nss 0.15** (0.04) nss

Note. β standardized HLM regression weight, SE standard error

** p < . 01, * p < 0.05, nss not statistically significant