Table 3. The role of AI in chronological age assessment.

ANNs: artificial neural networks; CNNs: convolutional neural networks; CA: chronological age; DA: dental age; NA: not available; AI: artificial intelligence

Studies	Algorithm architecture	Diagnostic tasks	Score	Difference between CA and DA in males	Difference between CA and DA in females	Difference	Accuracy	Conclusions
Zaborowicz et al. 2021 [68]	ANNs	Determining the chronological age	Radial basis function	NA	NA	NA	0.997	A new methodology for assessing chronological age using digital pantomographic images and a new set of tooth and bone parameters can be developed
Zaborowicz et al. 2022 [69]	CNNs	Estimating the age	Radial basis function	NA	NA	NA	0.96	The study shows that neural modeling approaches are effective tools for predicting metric age using proprietary tooth and bone indices
Bunyarit et al. 2020 [70]	ANNs	Dental age and chronological age estimation	Demirjian’s scores	-0.05±0.92	-0.06±1.11	Not statistically significant	NA	This methodology can be applied in both clinical and forensic cases