Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population (N = 100).
| Variable | Overall, N = 100 | Urban Arusha, N = 25 | Urban Moshi, N = 25 | Rural Moshi, N = 25 | Rural Mwanga, N = 25 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, female | 53 (53%) | 14 (56%) | 14 (56%) | 13 (52%) | 12 (48%) | 0.932 |
| Age | 25.0 (23.0, 29.0) | 25.0 (23.0, 30.0) | 25.0 (24.0, 27.0) | 24.0 (22.0, 27.0) | 25.0 (22.0, 31.0) | 0.686 |
| Age categories | 0.955 | |||||
| 18-25 | 56 (56%) | 13 (52%) | 14 (56%) | 15 (60%) | 14 (56%) | |
| 26-36 | 44 (44%) | 12 (48%) | 11 (44%) | 10 (40%) | 11 (44%) | |
| BMI | 22.8 (20.5, 26.0) | 21.8 (19.0, 26.8) | 24.1 (22.9, 28.4) | 22.3 (20.3, 26.7) | 22.4 (21.3, 24.6) | 0.243 |
| Missing | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| BMI classification | 0.591 | |||||
| <18.5 | 7 (7.1%) | 3 (13%) | 2 (8.0%) | 1 (4.0%) | 1 (4.0%) | |
| 18.5–24.9 | 60 (61%) | 14 (58%) | 13 (52%) | 15 (60%) | 18 (72%) | |
| 25.0–29.9 | 16 (16%) | 2 (8.3%) | 5 (20%) | 4 (16%) | 5 (20%) | |
| >30 | 16 (16%) | 5 (21%) | 5 (20%) | 5 (20%) | 1 (4.0%) | |
| Missing | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 119 (110, 125) | 110 (109, 120) | 110 (100, 119) | 121 (112, 130) | 123 (119, 128) | <0.001 |
| Missing | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 73 (70, 79) | 70 (70, 77) | 69 (64, 72) | 78 (70, 80) | 78 (74, 80) | <0.001 |
| Missing | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Hemoglobin level g/dl | 14.35 (13.30, 16.50) | 14.00 (13.30, 16.60) | 13.80 (12.40, 15.60) | 14.20 (13.70, 16.00) | 15.20 (13.80, 16.60) | 0.223 |
| Random blood sugar, mmol-1ˆˆ | 5.20 (4.60, 5.95) | 4.90 (4.40, 5.50) | 5.20 (4.70, 6.23) | 5.20 (4.10, 5.50) | 5.80 (4.90, 6.50) | 0.053 |
| Missing | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Highest level of education | <0.001 | |||||
| Primary | 30 (30%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 13 (52%) | 17 (68%) | |
| Secondary | 24 (24%) | 6 (24%) | 0 (0%) | 10 (40%) | 8 (32%) | |
| College | 15 (15%) | 12 (48%) | 1 (4.0%) | 2 (8.0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| University | 31 (31%) | 7 (28%) | 24 (96%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Malaria | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Missing | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Helminth infectiona | 7 (7.0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (8.0%) | 5 (20%) | 0.015 |
| Schistosomiasisb | 3 (3.0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (12%) | 0.057 |
| Missing | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Insurance status | 31 (31%) | 13 (52%) | 15 (60%) | 3 (12%) | 0 (0%) | <0.001 |
| Occupation | <0.001 | |||||
| Farming | 20 (20%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (4.0%) | 5 (20%) | 14 (56%) | |
| Elementary occupation | 28 (28%) | 5 (20%) | 2 (8.0%) | 16 (64%) | 5 (20%) | |
| Student | 23 (23%) | 5 (20%) | 15 (60%) | 2 (8.0%) | 1 (4.0%) | |
| Employed/business owner | 20 (20%) | 10 (40%) | 5 (20%) | 2 (8.0%) | 3 (12%) | |
| Not employed | 9 (9.0%) | 5 (20%) | 2 (8.0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (8.0%) | |
N = 100 participants. Values represent number of participants (percentage of total) and median (interquartile range [IQR]) for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. Comparisons between locations were performed using Fisher's exact, chi-squared and Mann–Whitney U test for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. a Stool was tested for helminths using the Kato-Katz method, testing for Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma mansoni, Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm and Trichuris trichuria. b Tested for schistosomiasis using the POC-CCA method, testing for Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni.