Table 6.
Effects of in ovo delivery of carvacrol at embryonic day (E) 17.5 on expression of immune-related genes (expressed as fold change relative to the saline-injected group at E19.5) in the bursa of Fabricius of broiler chickens measured at E19.5, hatch, and day 14.
| Treatment | Age | IL-1β | IL-21 | IL-4 | IL-6 | IL-8 | IL-10 | IFN-γ | TNF-α | TGF-β | NF-κB | CD3δ | BU-1 | IgM | IgY | IgA | Muc-2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 2.77 | 2.12 | 1.11 | 0.60 | 1.26 | 2.24 | 0.68 | 0.88 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 0.73 | 1.03 | 1.19 | 20.27 | 2.34 | 2.08 | |
| Carvacrol | 3.09 | 1.79 | 0.95 | 0.52 | 1.18 | 1.49 | 0.57 | 0.88 | 1.01 | 1.03 | 0.74 | 1.13 | 1.24 | 16.01 | 2.48 | 1.47 | |
| SEM | 0.24 | 0.74 | 0.18 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.32 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 2.01 | 0.26 | 0.95 | |
| Control | E19.5 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | 1.00a | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Hatch | 1.45 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.33c | 0.57 | 0.52 | 0.20 | 1.06 | 0.91 | 0.89 | 0.71 | 1.13 | 0.86 | 1.32 | 1.40 | 1.06 | |
| d 14 | 5.87 | 3.24 | 1.35 | 0.47bc | 2.21 | 5.21 | 0.84 | 0.60 | 0.94 | 0.99 | 0.47 | 0.95 | 1.69 | 58.49 | 4.63 | 4.18 | |
| Carvacrol | E19.5 | 1.26 | - | 1.16 | 1.00ab | 1.14 | 0.82 | 1.05 | 1.14 | 1.11 | 1.15 | 1.04 | 1.15 | 1.11 | 1.09 | 1.36 | 1.19 |
| Hatch | 2.05 | 2.43 | 0.87 | 0.46ac | 0.41 | 0.26 | 0.13 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.73 | 1.23 | 0.90 | 1.31 | 1.68 | 2.47 | |
| d 14 | 5.95 | 1.14 | 0.81 | 0.10d | 2.00 | 3.38 | 0.54 | 0.52 | 0.92 | 0.97 | 0.44 | 1.01 | 1.71 | 45.62 | 4.40 | 0.76 | |
| SEM | 0.42 | 1.04 | 0.31 | 0.19 | 0.22 | 0.55 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 3.49 | 0.45 | 1.64 | |
| P-value | |||||||||||||||||
| Treatment | 0.23 | 0.89 | 0.55 | 0.14 | 0.59 | 0.44 | 0.11 | 0.67 | 0.33 | 0.17 | 0.86 | 0.33 | 0.44 | 0.89 | 0.69 | 0.60 | |
| Age | <0.001 | 0.33 | 0.28 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.25 | 0.06 | <0.001 | 0.12 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.81 | |
| Treatment × Age | 0.50 | 0.06 | 0.26 | 0.002 | 0.53 | 0.59 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.69 | 0.32 | 0.81 | 0.87 | 0.77 | 0.43 | 0.55 | 0.89 | |
IL-1β, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10: Interleukin 1β, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10; IFN-γ: Interferon γ; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor α; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor β; NF-κB: Nuclear factor κ B; CD3δ: CD3 δ subunit of T-cell Receptor Complex, present on T-cells and NK-cells; BU-1: Transmembrane protein of B-cells and a subset of macrophages; IgM, Y, A: Immunoglobulin M, Y, A; Muc-2: Mucin 2.
No expression of IL-2 was detected at E19.5.
LSMeans within a column and factor lacking a common superscript differ (P ≤ 0.05).
The gene expression values of the control group at E19.5 (at hatch for IL-2) were assigned an arbitrary value of 1.00 and the other groups were expressed relative to this value. Main effects for age are shown in Figure 5. Results are expressed as LSmeans ± SEM.