Table 4.
Summary of outcomes by study period
| Before ePAMS+ | After ePAMS+ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Co-primary outcomes | ||||
| Antibiotic administration (DDD) | N = 1256 | 3.3 (1.0, 8.5) | N = 587 | 4.0 (1.0, 9.6) |
| 30-day mortality | N = 1323 | 111 (8.4%) | N = 336 | 36 (10.7%) |
| Secondary outcomes | ||||
| Intravenous antibiotic (DDD)c | N = 741 | 2.2 (1.0, 5.0) | N = 385 | 2.4 (1.0, 6.1) |
| Oral antibiotic (DDD)d | N = 889 | 3.0 (1.0, 7.4) | N = 402 | 2.8 (1.0, 7.6) |
| Broad spectrum antibiotic (DDD)a | N = 1170 | 3.2 (1.0, 7.4) | N = 555 | 3.9 (1.0, 8.7) |
| Narrow spectrum antibiotic (DDD)b | N = 228 | 2.3 (1.0, 8.0) | N = 97 | 2.5 (1.0, 11.0) |
| Length of hospital stay (days) | N = 1256 | 7.0 (3.3, 15.4) | N = 587 | 7.1 (3.2, 14.5) |
| Days of therapy | N = 1256 | 3 (1, 6) | N = 587 | 3 (1, 7) |
| Days of intravenous therapyc | N = 741 | 3 (1, 5) | N = 385 | 3 (1, 6) |
| Number of antibiotics prescribed | N = 1256 | 1.57 (0.85) | N = 587 | 1.67 (0.94) |
| Number of antibiotic courses | N = 1256 | 3.23 (2.32) | N = 587 | 3.67 (2.94) |
| Number of iv to oral switchesc | N = 741 | 1.01 (2.13) | N = 385 | 1.17 (2.55) |
| Number of oral to iv switchesd | N = 889 | 0.62 (1.90) | N = 402 | 0.90 (2.50) |
| Number of switches to alternative antibiotic | N = 1256 | 1.32 (1.59) | N = 587 | 1.58 (1.99) |
| Number of switches from narrow to broad spectrumb | N = 228 | 1.62 (2.86) | N = 97 | 2.47 (5.06) |
| Number of antibiotic discontinuations | N = 1256 | 1.91 (1.58) | N = 587 | 1.99 (1.83) |
Summary data based on the N = 1843 completed admissions in the trial data set. DDD, defined daily dose. Antibiotic administration data summarised per admission. Mortality data are presented as N (%). Continuous variables reported as median (lower quartile, upper quartile) for DDD, length of hospital stay, days of therapy and days of intravenous therapy; all other continuous variables reported as mean (standard deviation). Narrow and broad spectrum antibiotics were classified according to information in the British National Formulary entry for each antibiotic [34].
afor admissions in which there was at least one administration of a broad spectrum antibiotic
bfor admissions in which there was at least one administration of a narrow spectrum antibiotic
cfor admissions in which there was at least one administration of an intravenous antibiotic
dfor admissions in which there was at least one administration of an oral antibiotic