Fig. 6.

Causal effects between HASV traits and brain disorders using Mendelian Randomization. A This heatmap presents the results of two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses for the 75 trait pairs (direction is HASV to brain disorders) using the IVW method. Statistically significant differences are denoted by asterisks: *P < 0.05; **P < 6.67 × 10⁻⁴ (0.05/75, Bonferroni corrected). B Forest plots for the four HASV traits that were Bonferroni corrected significant, showing causal effects on PD using two MR methods: IVW and CAUSE. IVW inverse variance weighted, CAUSE causal analysis using summary effect estimates, OR odds ratio, AD Alzheimer’s disease, ADHD attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, AN anorexia nervosa, ANX anxiety disorder, BIP bipolar disorder, PD Parkinson’s disease, PTSD post-traumatic stress disorder, SCZ schizophrenia