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. 2024 Oct 7;25(5):839–854. doi: 10.1007/s11154-024-09897-7

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Comparison of SMRs in individuals with untreated gonadotropin deficiency, treated gonadotropin deficiency and an intact gonadal axis. The SMR was significantly higher in those with untreated gonadotropin deficiency compared to those who received sex hormone replacement (SMR 2.97 [99% CI, 2.13–4.13] v’s 1.42 [99% CI, 0.97–2.07], p < 0.0001). These results were not analysed by sex. (with permission) [5]