Fig. 2.

Bi-directional associations between sarcopenia characteristics and 11 respiratory diseases. ALM Appendicular lean mass HGS(L) Hand grip strength (left) HGS(R) Hand grip strength (right), LHGS Low hand grip strength, UWP Usual walking pace, CB Chronic bronchitis, Sare sarcoidosis, Phau Pneumoconiosis, Bron Bronchiectasis, IPF Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, ILD Interstitial lung disease, LRTI Lower respiratory tract infection, PAH Pulmonary arterial hypertension, PE pulmonary embolism, COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, UVMR Univariate mendelian randomization, IVW Inverse variance weighting, WM Weighted median, WMODE Weighted mode, MR.presso: MR Pleiotropy residual sum and outlier, OR Odds ratio