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. 2024 Oct 12;3:142. doi: 10.1038/s44172-024-00285-2

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© This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2024

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Fig. 2 — a Block diagram of signal conditioning and processing flow. b Howland current source (HCS) and read channel circuit, responsible for supplying stimulus signal and reading output voltage and current signals directly from the sensor electrodes inside the chamber. c The sensor electrodes on glass substrate, outer ring electrode is the current electrode, and the middle circle is the voltage electrode. d Transepithelial epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) acquisition board contains all read channels, digital potentiometers, connectors for the electrodes, and connectors to the main control board. e Main control board which has the power supply, signal generator and ADC, microcontroller, and control signals.