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. 2024 Oct 12;3:142. doi: 10.1038/s44172-024-00285-2

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© This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — The frequency response for each component in the signal path (a–d) was used to find the systems bandwidth. a Input level shifter frequency response. b Howland current source (HCS) frequency response. c The Instrumentation amplifier (INA) frequency response. d Transimpedance amplifier (TIA) frequency response. The limiting component is the TIA (d), this component sets the systems bandwidth at 47.5 kHz. e The read channel noise power spectral density (PSD) was found to classify the noise specification of the system. f The step response of the voltage and current stages in the read channel. The lack of ringing in both step responses confirm the stability of the read channel.