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. 2024 Oct 12;14:23874. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-74600-4

Table 3.

KdV equation: Inline graphic relative error and time cost of PINN(tanh) and PINN(sine).

Solution Method
PINN(tanh) PINN(sine) ERR
u(xt) Inline graphic Inline graphic 76.11%
Time cost 379 s 679 s